Abstract
Transactive control (TC) is a type of distributed control strategy that uses market mechanisms to coordinate distinct objectives of individual entities. Through grid-interactive efficient buildings, TC can help achieve power balance in the electrical power grid under high penetration of renewable energy. This paper presents a standard TC approach for commercial heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. This TC approach includes a flexible market structure to accommodate the variances in system configurations of HVAC systems, and an extensible market-based control process to support various demand response (DR) services. In addition, we develop a software workflow for deploying this TC approach. The software workflow is based on VOLTTRON, which is a distributed sensing and control software platform, and encapsulates the process of deploying decentralized control architecture and market-based control on a large scale. Case studies were conducted with both building energy simulations and field tests. The results show that TC is effective at providing real time price, demand limiting, and load following DR services with the studied HVAC systems.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 124675 |
| Journal | Applied Energy |
| Volume | 378 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jan 15 2025 |
Funding
This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building Technologies Office . Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830 with the U.S. DOE. This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan ( https://www.energy.gov/doe-public-access-plan ). This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy ’s Building Technologies Office. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with DOE. The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (https://www.energy.gov/doe-public-access-plan).
Keywords
- Building energy simulation
- Demand response
- Field test
- HVAC
- Transactive control