Thermocouples in Resistive and Induction Furnaces Operated in Strong Magnetic Fields (2025)

Zachary P. Tener; Steven Flynn; Alexander M. Donald; James J. Hamlin; Mark W. Meisel; Michele V. Manuel; Michael S. Kesler

doi:10.1109/TIM.2025.3602597

Thermocouples in Resistive and Induction Furnaces Operated in Strong Magnetic Fields (2025)

Zachary P. Tener
, Steven Flynn
, Alexander M. Donald
, James J. Hamlin
, Mark W. Meisel
, Michele V. Manuel
, Michael S. Kesler

Alloy Behavior & Design

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

Thermomagnetic processing methods require an understanding of the in-situ temperatures experienced by the workpieces. When commonly used thermocouples are employed in induction furnaces, RF fields can contribute additional temperature uncertainties to the ones arising from the use of strong magnetic fields. Focusing on temperatures between 300 °C to 1000 °C produced by induction and resistive furnaces, the readings generated by Type-K thermocouples were contrasted to the ones produced by Type-S and Type-N sensors for magnetic fields up to 9 T. Overall, when comparing Type-K response to temperatures above 700 °C in both zero-field and high field (≤ 9 T), the differences amounted to less than 1%, and when continuously measured has a linear relationship to the strength of the applied field. The relative invariance of Type-N and Type-S thermocouples was confirmed. These findings suggest that the use of thermocouples in high magnetic fields remains a viable option for applications, although the precision depends on the type used.

Original language	English
Journal	IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3602597
State	Accepted/In press - 2025

Funding

Notice: This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Industrial Efficiency & Decarbonization Office (IEDO) award number DE-EE0009131. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (MagLab), which was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida. Corresponding author: Michael S. Kesler.

Keywords

Thermomagnetic processing
high temperature
strong magnetic fields
thermocouples

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10.1109/TIM.2025.3602597

Cite this

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title = "Thermocouples in Resistive and Induction Furnaces Operated in Strong Magnetic Fields (2025)",

abstract = "Thermomagnetic processing methods require an understanding of the in-situ temperatures experienced by the workpieces. When commonly used thermocouples are employed in induction furnaces, RF fields can contribute additional temperature uncertainties to the ones arising from the use of strong magnetic fields. Focusing on temperatures between 300 °C to 1000 °C produced by induction and resistive furnaces, the readings generated by Type-K thermocouples were contrasted to the ones produced by Type-S and Type-N sensors for magnetic fields up to 9 T. Overall, when comparing Type-K response to temperatures above 700 °C in both zero-field and high field (≤ 9 T), the differences amounted to less than 1\%, and when continuously measured has a linear relationship to the strength of the applied field. The relative invariance of Type-N and Type-S thermocouples was confirmed. These findings suggest that the use of thermocouples in high magnetic fields remains a viable option for applications, although the precision depends on the type used.",

keywords = "Thermomagnetic processing, high temperature, strong magnetic fields, thermocouples",

author = "Tener, \{Zachary P.\} and Steven Flynn and Donald, \{Alexander M.\} and Hamlin, \{James J.\} and Meisel, \{Mark W.\} and Manuel, \{Michele V.\} and Kesler, \{Michael S.\}",

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year = "2025",

doi = "10.1109/TIM.2025.3602597",

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T1 - Thermocouples in Resistive and Induction Furnaces Operated in Strong Magnetic Fields (2025)

AU - Tener, Zachary P.

AU - Flynn, Steven

AU - Donald, Alexander M.

AU - Hamlin, James J.

AU - Meisel, Mark W.

AU - Manuel, Michele V.

AU - Kesler, Michael S.

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - Thermomagnetic processing methods require an understanding of the in-situ temperatures experienced by the workpieces. When commonly used thermocouples are employed in induction furnaces, RF fields can contribute additional temperature uncertainties to the ones arising from the use of strong magnetic fields. Focusing on temperatures between 300 °C to 1000 °C produced by induction and resistive furnaces, the readings generated by Type-K thermocouples were contrasted to the ones produced by Type-S and Type-N sensors for magnetic fields up to 9 T. Overall, when comparing Type-K response to temperatures above 700 °C in both zero-field and high field (≤ 9 T), the differences amounted to less than 1%, and when continuously measured has a linear relationship to the strength of the applied field. The relative invariance of Type-N and Type-S thermocouples was confirmed. These findings suggest that the use of thermocouples in high magnetic fields remains a viable option for applications, although the precision depends on the type used.

AB - Thermomagnetic processing methods require an understanding of the in-situ temperatures experienced by the workpieces. When commonly used thermocouples are employed in induction furnaces, RF fields can contribute additional temperature uncertainties to the ones arising from the use of strong magnetic fields. Focusing on temperatures between 300 °C to 1000 °C produced by induction and resistive furnaces, the readings generated by Type-K thermocouples were contrasted to the ones produced by Type-S and Type-N sensors for magnetic fields up to 9 T. Overall, when comparing Type-K response to temperatures above 700 °C in both zero-field and high field (≤ 9 T), the differences amounted to less than 1%, and when continuously measured has a linear relationship to the strength of the applied field. The relative invariance of Type-N and Type-S thermocouples was confirmed. These findings suggest that the use of thermocouples in high magnetic fields remains a viable option for applications, although the precision depends on the type used.

KW - Thermomagnetic processing

KW - high temperature

KW - strong magnetic fields

KW - thermocouples

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JF - IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

ER -

Thermocouples in Resistive and Induction Furnaces Operated in Strong Magnetic Fields (2025)

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