Abstract
A high conductivity graphite foam developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) owes its unique thermal properties to the highly aligned graphitic structure along the cell walls. The material exhibits a peak in thermal conductivity at temperatures similar to that of highly ordered natural graphite, indicating the foam has an extremely graphitic nature. This paper explores the graphitic structure of the foam and attempts to correlate the morphology of the ligaments with the bulk thermal properties, up to 182 W/m-K. First, the manufacturing process of the foam and the resulting material properties are reported. Then, several models for representing the bulk materials properties are reviewed. Examination by optical image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine the structure of the graphite foam. In addition, crystallographic structure determined by X-ray diffraction is reported. A simple two parameter model of the morphology was developed and then used to predict the overall thermal properties of the foam based on the assumed highly ordered ligament structure. This new model correlated (within 5%) thermal conductivity to density of several foams, provided the average ligament conductivity could be accurately represented. From the new model and the material characterization data, it was determined that the average ligament thermal conductivity of the foam is >1650 W/m·K at room temperature, and increases to more than 2300 W/m·K at liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 3659-3676 |
Number of pages | 18 |
Journal | Journal of Materials Science |
Volume | 39 |
Issue number | 11 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jun 1 2004 |
Funding
This research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Freedom Car and Vehicle Technologies, as part of the Automotive Propulsion Materials Program, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. “The submitted manuscript has been authored by a contractor of the U.S. Government under contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.”