The PRad windowless gas flow target

J. Pierce; J. Brock; C. Carlin; C. Keith; J. Maxwell; D. Meekins; X. Bai; A. Deur; D. Dutta; H. Gao; A. Gasparian; K. Gnanvo; C. Gu; D. Higinbotham; M. Khandaker; N. Liyanage; M. Meziane; E. Pasyuk; C. Peng; V. Punjabi; W. Xiong; X. Yan; L. Ye; Y. Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2021.165300

The PRad windowless gas flow target

J. Pierce, J. Brock, C. Carlin, C. Keith, J. Maxwell, D. Meekins, X. Bai, A. Deur, D. Dutta, H. Gao, A. Gasparian, K. Gnanvo, C. Gu, D. Higinbotham, M. Khandaker, N. Liyanage, M. Meziane, E. Pasyuk, C. Peng, V. PunjabiW. Xiong, X. Yan, L. Ye, Y. Zhang

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

3 Scopus citations

Abstract

We report on a windowless, high-density, gas-flow target at Jefferson Lab that was used to measure r_p, the root-mean-square charge radius of the proton. The target achieved its design goal of an areal density of 2 × 10¹⁸ atoms/cm², with the gas uniformly distributed over the 4 cm length of the cell and less than 1% residual gas outside the cell. This design eliminated scattering from the end caps of the target cell, a problem endemic to previous measurements of the proton charge radius in electron scattering experiments, and permitted a precise, model-independent extraction of r_p by reaching unprecedentedly low values of Q², the square of the electron's transfer of four-momentum to the proton.

Original language	English
Article number	165300
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	1003
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.165300
State	Published - Jul 1 2021
Externally published	Yes

Funding

J. Pierce: Design, Construction, Testing of the target, Analysis of target performance. J. Brock: Design, Construction, Testing, Operation of the target. C. Carlin: Target operation, Target control software. C. Keith: Design, Construction, Testing, Operation of the target, Supervised target development, Target control software, Analysis of target performance, Writing and review. J. Maxwell: Target operation. D. Meekins: Design, Construction, Testing, Operation of the target. X. Bai: Installation of GEM detectors and associated DAQ, Building simulation, Analysis and monitoring framework, Data analysis of experiment. A. Deur: Coordination of different aspects of the experiment during early stage of the project. D. Dutta: Early design of the target, Supervision of background simulation and analysis, Writing and review. H. Gao: Early design of the target, Supervision of the experiment simulation and data analysis, Target paper writing and review. A. Gasparian: Early design of the target, Supervision of experiment analysis, Review of writing. K. Gnanvo: Design and construction of detectors and associated DAQ, Building simulation analysis, Monitoring framework. C. Gu: Data analysis, Simulation of the experiment. D. Higinbotham: Supervision of experiment analysis, Review. M. Khandaker: Early design of the target, Supervision of experiment analysis. N. Liyanage: Supervision of design and construction of detectors, Supervision of experiment analysis. M. Meziane: Early design of the target, Procurement of target components. E. Pasyuk: Supervision, Coordination of technical and engineering aspects. C. Peng: Detector and DAQ installation and testing, Simulation of the backgrounds for the target design optimization, Building simulation and analysis framework, Data analysis of experiment. V. Punjabi: PI of NSF MRI grant. W. Xiong: Building simulation analysis and monitoring framework, Data analysis of the experiment. X. Yan: Cosmic background suppression from data taken under various target conditions. L. Ye: Detector and DAQ installation and testing, Simulation of backgrounds for experiment optimization, Building simulation and analysis framework. Y. Zhang: Simulation of the target performance. This work was funded in part by the US National Science Foundation (NSF MRI PHY-1229153) and by the US Department of Energy (contract number DE-FG02-03ER41231 ), including contract number DE-AC05-06OR23177 , under which Jefferson Science Associates, LLC operates the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. We thank the staff of Jefferson Laboratory, in particular the Jefferson Lab Target Group, for their support throughout the experiment. We are also grateful to all grant agencies for providing funding support to the authors throughout this project. This work was funded in part by the US National Science Foundation (NSF MRI PHY-1229153) and by the US Department of Energy (contract number DE-FG02-03ER41231), including contract number DE-AC05-06OR23177, under which Jefferson Science Associates, LLC operates the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. We thank the staff of Jefferson Laboratory, in particular the Jefferson Lab Target Group, for their support throughout the experiment. We are also grateful to all grant agencies for providing funding support to the authors throughout this project.

Funders	Funder number
Jefferson Lab Target Group
National Science Foundation	MRI PHY-1229153
U.S. Department of Energy	DE-FG02-03ER41231, DE-AC05-06OR23177
Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences	1229153
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

Keywords

Gas target
Hydrogen target
Proton charge radius

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10.1016/j.nima.2021.165300

Cite this

Pierce, J., Brock, J., Carlin, C., Keith, C., Maxwell, J., Meekins, D., Bai, X., Deur, A., Dutta, D., Gao, H., Gasparian, A., Gnanvo, K., Gu, C., Higinbotham, D., Khandaker, M., Liyanage, N., Meziane, M., Pasyuk, E., Peng, C., ... Zhang, Y. (2021). The PRad windowless gas flow target. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1003, Article 165300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.165300

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title = "The PRad windowless gas flow target",

abstract = "We report on a windowless, high-density, gas-flow target at Jefferson Lab that was used to measure rp, the root-mean-square charge radius of the proton. The target achieved its design goal of an areal density of 2 × 1018 atoms/cm2, with the gas uniformly distributed over the 4 cm length of the cell and less than 1% residual gas outside the cell. This design eliminated scattering from the end caps of the target cell, a problem endemic to previous measurements of the proton charge radius in electron scattering experiments, and permitted a precise, model-independent extraction of rp by reaching unprecedentedly low values of Q2, the square of the electron's transfer of four-momentum to the proton.",

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author = "J. Pierce and J. Brock and C. Carlin and C. Keith and J. Maxwell and D. Meekins and X. Bai and A. Deur and D. Dutta and H. Gao and A. Gasparian and K. Gnanvo and C. Gu and D. Higinbotham and M. Khandaker and N. Liyanage and M. Meziane and E. Pasyuk and C. Peng and V. Punjabi and W. Xiong and X. Yan and L. Ye and Y. Zhang",

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doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2021.165300",

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Pierce, J, Brock, J, Carlin, C, Keith, C, Maxwell, J, Meekins, D, Bai, X, Deur, A, Dutta, D, Gao, H, Gasparian, A, Gnanvo, K, Gu, C, Higinbotham, D, Khandaker, M, Liyanage, N, Meziane, M, Pasyuk, E, Peng, C, Punjabi, V, Xiong, W, Yan, X, Ye, L & Zhang, Y 2021, 'The PRad windowless gas flow target', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 1003, 165300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.165300

TY - JOUR

T1 - The PRad windowless gas flow target

AU - Pierce, J.

AU - Brock, J.

AU - Carlin, C.

AU - Keith, C.

AU - Maxwell, J.

AU - Meekins, D.

AU - Bai, X.

AU - Deur, A.

AU - Dutta, D.

AU - Gao, H.

AU - Gasparian, A.

AU - Gnanvo, K.

AU - Gu, C.

AU - Higinbotham, D.

AU - Khandaker, M.

AU - Liyanage, N.

AU - Meziane, M.

AU - Pasyuk, E.

AU - Peng, C.

AU - Punjabi, V.

AU - Xiong, W.

AU - Yan, X.

AU - Ye, L.

AU - Zhang, Y.

PY - 2021/7/1

Y1 - 2021/7/1

N2 - We report on a windowless, high-density, gas-flow target at Jefferson Lab that was used to measure rp, the root-mean-square charge radius of the proton. The target achieved its design goal of an areal density of 2 × 1018 atoms/cm2, with the gas uniformly distributed over the 4 cm length of the cell and less than 1% residual gas outside the cell. This design eliminated scattering from the end caps of the target cell, a problem endemic to previous measurements of the proton charge radius in electron scattering experiments, and permitted a precise, model-independent extraction of rp by reaching unprecedentedly low values of Q2, the square of the electron's transfer of four-momentum to the proton.

AB - We report on a windowless, high-density, gas-flow target at Jefferson Lab that was used to measure rp, the root-mean-square charge radius of the proton. The target achieved its design goal of an areal density of 2 × 1018 atoms/cm2, with the gas uniformly distributed over the 4 cm length of the cell and less than 1% residual gas outside the cell. This design eliminated scattering from the end caps of the target cell, a problem endemic to previous measurements of the proton charge radius in electron scattering experiments, and permitted a precise, model-independent extraction of rp by reaching unprecedentedly low values of Q2, the square of the electron's transfer of four-momentum to the proton.

KW - Gas target

KW - Hydrogen target

KW - Proton charge radius

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U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2021.165300

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JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

M1 - 165300

ER -

The PRad windowless gas flow target

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