The Dark Energy Survey supernova program: a reanalysis of cosmology results and evidence for evolving dark energy with an updated Type Ia supernova calibration

B. Popovic; P. Shah; W. D. Kenworthy; R. Kessler; T. M. Davis; A. Goobar; D. Scolnic; M. Vincenzi; P. Wiseman; R. Chen; E. Charleton; M. Acevedo; P. Armstrong; B. M. Boyd; D. Brout; R. Camilleri; J. Frieman; L. Galbany; M. Grayling; L. Kelsey; B. Rose; B. Sánchez; J. Lee; A. Möller; M. Smith; M. Sullivan; N. Shiamtanis; A. Alarcon; S. S. Allam; F. Andrade-Oliveira; S. Avila; D. Bacon; J. Blazek; S. Bocquet; D. Brooks; D. L. Burke; A. Carnero Rosell; J. Carretero; R. Cawthon; L. N. da Costa; M. E. da Silva Pereira; H. T. Diehl; S. Dodelson; P. Doel; S. Everett; C. Frohmaier; J. García-Bellido; D. Gruen; G. Gutierrez; K. Herner; S. R. Hinton; D. L. Hollowood; K. Honscheid; D. Huterer; D. J. James; N. Jeffrey; K. Kuehn; O. Lahav; S. Lee; C. Lidman; J. L. Marshall; J. Mena-Fernández; F. Menanteau; R. Miquel; J. Muir; J. Myles; R. L.C. Ogando; M. Paterno; A. A.Plazas Malagón; A. Porredon; J. Prat; R. C. Nichol; A. K. Romer; A. Roodman; E. Sanchez; D. Sanchez Cid; I. Sevilla-Noarbe; E. Suchyta; M. E.C. Swanson; C. To; D. L. Tucker; A. R. Walker; N. Weaverdyck; M. Aguena

doi:10.1093/mnras/stag632

The Dark Energy Survey supernova program: a reanalysis of cosmology results and evidence for evolving dark energy with an updated Type Ia supernova calibration

B. Popovic
, P. Shah
, W. D. Kenworthy
, R. Kessler
, T. M. Davis
, A. Goobar
, D. Scolnic
, M. Vincenzi
, P. Wiseman
, R. Chen
, E. Charleton
, M. Acevedo
, P. Armstrong
, B. M. Boyd
, D. Brout
, R. Camilleri
, J. Frieman
, L. Galbany
, M. Grayling
, L. Kelsey

B. Rose, B. Sánchez, J. Lee, A. Möller, M. Smith, M. Sullivan, N. Shiamtanis, A. Alarcon, S. S. Allam, F. Andrade-Oliveira, S. Avila, D. Bacon, J. Blazek, S. Bocquet, D. Brooks, D. L. Burke, A. Carnero Rosell, J. Carretero, R. Cawthon, L. N. da Costa, M. E. da Silva Pereira, H. T. Diehl, S. Dodelson, P. Doel, S. Everett, C. Frohmaier, J. García-Bellido, D. Gruen, G. Gutierrez, K. Herner, S. R. Hinton, D. L. Hollowood, K. Honscheid, D. Huterer, D. J. James, N. Jeffrey, K. Kuehn, O. Lahav, S. Lee, C. Lidman, J. L. Marshall, J. Mena-Fernández, F. Menanteau, R. Miquel, J. Muir, J. Myles, R. L.C. Ogando, M. Paterno, A. A.Plazas Malagón, A. Porredon, J. Prat, R. C. Nichol, A. K. Romer, A. Roodman, E. Sanchez, D. Sanchez Cid, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, E. Suchyta, M. E.C. Swanson, C. To, D. L. Tucker, A. R. Walker, N. Weaverdyck, M. Aguena

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Abstract

We present improved cosmological constraints from a re-analysis of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) 5-year sample of Type Ia supernovae (DES-SN5YR). This re-analysis includes an improved photometric cross-calibration, recent white dwarf observations to cross-calibrate between DES and low-redshift surveys, retraining the salt3 light-curve model and fixing a numerical approximation in the host-galaxy colour law. Our fully recalibrated sample, which we call DES-Dovekie, comprises (Formula presented) 1600 likely Type Ia SNe from DES and (Formula presented) 200 low-redshift SNe from other surveys. With DES-Dovekie, we obtain (Formula presented) in flat Lambda-cold dark matter ((Formula presented) CDM) which changes (Formula presented) by (Formula presented) compared to DES-SN5YR. Combining DES-Dovekie with cosmic microwave background data from Planck, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, and South Pole Telescope and the DESI DR2 measurements in a flat (Formula presented) CDM cosmology, we find (Formula presented) and (Formula presented). Our results hold a significance of (Formula presented), reduced from (Formula presented) for DES-SN5YR, to reject the null hypothesis that the data are compatible with the cosmological constant. This significance is equivalent to a Bayesian model preference odds of approximately 5:1 in favour of the flat (Formula presented) CDM model. Using generally accepted thresholds for model preference, our updated data exhibits only a weak preference for evolving dark energy.

Original language	English
Journal	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume	548
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag632
State	Published - Jun 2026

Funding

This work was completed in part with resources provided by the University of Chicago’s Research Computing Center. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 101205780. This work has been supported by the research project grant ‘Understanding the Dynamic Universe’ funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation under Dnr KAW 2018.0067 and the Vetenskapsrådet, the Swedish Research Council, project 2020–03444. BP acknowledges you, gentle reader. PW acknowledges support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grant ST/Z510269/1. TD acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council through the ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), CE230100016. LK acknowledges support for an Early Career Fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust through grant ECF-2024-054 and the Isaac Newton Trust through grant 24.08(w). AM is supported by the Australian Research Council DE230100055. PA acknowledges that parts of this research was carried out on the traditional lands of the Ngunnawal people. We pay our respects to their elders past, present, and emerging. LG acknowledges financial support from AGAUR, CSIC, MCIN, and AEI 10.13039/501100011033 under projects PID2023-151307NB-I00, PIE 20215AT016, CEX2020-001058-M, ILINK23001, COOPB2304, and 2021-SGR-01270.

Keywords

dark energy
transients: supernovae

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10.1093/mnras/stag632

Cite this

Popovic, B., Shah, P., Kenworthy, W. D., Kessler, R., Davis, T. M., Goobar, A., Scolnic, D., Vincenzi, M., Wiseman, P., Chen, R., Charleton, E., Acevedo, M., Armstrong, P., Boyd, B. M., Brout, D., Camilleri, R., Frieman, J., Galbany, L., Grayling, M., ... Aguena, M. (2026). The Dark Energy Survey supernova program: a reanalysis of cosmology results and evidence for evolving dark energy with an updated Type Ia supernova calibration. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 548(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag632

@article{e9315c45518044e18c63417e745e17b4,

title = "The Dark Energy Survey supernova program: a reanalysis of cosmology results and evidence for evolving dark energy with an updated Type Ia supernova calibration",

abstract = "We present improved cosmological constraints from a re-analysis of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) 5-year sample of Type Ia supernovae (DES-SN5YR). This re-analysis includes an improved photometric cross-calibration, recent white dwarf observations to cross-calibrate between DES and low-redshift surveys, retraining the salt3 light-curve model and fixing a numerical approximation in the host-galaxy colour law. Our fully recalibrated sample, which we call DES-Dovekie, comprises (Formula presented) 1600 likely Type Ia SNe from DES and (Formula presented) 200 low-redshift SNe from other surveys. With DES-Dovekie, we obtain (Formula presented) in flat Lambda-cold dark matter ((Formula presented) CDM) which changes (Formula presented) by (Formula presented) compared to DES-SN5YR. Combining DES-Dovekie with cosmic microwave background data from Planck, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, and South Pole Telescope and the DESI DR2 measurements in a flat (Formula presented) CDM cosmology, we find (Formula presented) and (Formula presented). Our results hold a significance of (Formula presented), reduced from (Formula presented) for DES-SN5YR, to reject the null hypothesis that the data are compatible with the cosmological constant. This significance is equivalent to a Bayesian model preference odds of approximately 5:1 in favour of the flat (Formula presented) CDM model. Using generally accepted thresholds for model preference, our updated data exhibits only a weak preference for evolving dark energy.",

keywords = "dark energy, transients: supernovae",

author = "B. Popovic and P. Shah and Kenworthy, \{W. D.\} and R. Kessler and Davis, \{T. M.\} and A. Goobar and D. Scolnic and M. Vincenzi and P. Wiseman and R. Chen and E. Charleton and M. Acevedo and P. Armstrong and Boyd, \{B. M.\} and D. Brout and R. Camilleri and J. Frieman and L. Galbany and M. Grayling and L. Kelsey and B. Rose and B. S{\'a}nchez and J. Lee and A. M{\"o}ller and M. Smith and M. Sullivan and N. Shiamtanis and A. Alarcon and Allam, \{S. S.\} and F. Andrade-Oliveira and S. Avila and D. Bacon and J. Blazek and S. Bocquet and D. Brooks and Burke, \{D. L.\} and Rosell, \{A. Carnero\} and J. Carretero and R. Cawthon and da Costa, \{L. N.\} and \{da Silva Pereira\}, \{M. E.\} and Diehl, \{H. T.\} and S. Dodelson and P. Doel and S. Everett and C. Frohmaier and J. Garc{\'i}a-Bellido and D. Gruen and G. Gutierrez and K. Herner and Hinton, \{S. R.\} and Hollowood, \{D. L.\} and K. Honscheid and D. Huterer and James, \{D. J.\} and N. Jeffrey and K. Kuehn and O. Lahav and S. Lee and C. Lidman and Marshall, \{J. L.\} and J. Mena-Fern{\'a}ndez and F. Menanteau and R. Miquel and J. Muir and J. Myles and Ogando, \{R. L.C.\} and M. Paterno and Malag{\'o}n, \{A. A.Plazas\} and A. Porredon and J. Prat and Nichol, \{R. C.\} and Romer, \{A. K.\} and A. Roodman and E. Sanchez and Cid, \{D. Sanchez\} and I. Sevilla-Noarbe and E. Suchyta and Swanson, \{M. E.C.\} and C. To and Tucker, \{D. L.\} and Walker, \{A. R.\} and N. Weaverdyck and M. Aguena",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.",

year = "2026",

month = jun,

doi = "10.1093/mnras/stag632",

language = "English",

volume = "548",

journal = "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",

issn = "0035-8711",

publisher = "Oxford University Press",

number = "4",

}

Popovic, B, Shah, P, Kenworthy, WD, Kessler, R, Davis, TM, Goobar, A, Scolnic, D, Vincenzi, M, Wiseman, P, Chen, R, Charleton, E, Acevedo, M, Armstrong, P, Boyd, BM, Brout, D, Camilleri, R, Frieman, J, Galbany, L, Grayling, M, Kelsey, L, Rose, B, Sánchez, B, Lee, J, Möller, A, Smith, M, Sullivan, M, Shiamtanis, N, Alarcon, A, Allam, SS, Andrade-Oliveira, F, Avila, S, Bacon, D, Blazek, J, Bocquet, S, Brooks, D, Burke, DL, Rosell, AC, Carretero, J, Cawthon, R, da Costa, LN, da Silva Pereira, ME, Diehl, HT, Dodelson, S, Doel, P, Everett, S, Frohmaier, C, García-Bellido, J, Gruen, D, Gutierrez, G, Herner, K, Hinton, SR, Hollowood, DL, Honscheid, K, Huterer, D, James, DJ, Jeffrey, N, Kuehn, K, Lahav, O, Lee, S, Lidman, C, Marshall, JL, Mena-Fernández, J, Menanteau, F, Miquel, R, Muir, J, Myles, J, Ogando, RLC, Paterno, M, Malagón, AAP, Porredon, A, Prat, J, Nichol, RC, Romer, AK, Roodman, A, Sanchez, E, Cid, DS, Sevilla-Noarbe, I, Suchyta, E, Swanson, MEC, To, C, Tucker, DL, Walker, AR, Weaverdyck, N & Aguena, M 2026, 'The Dark Energy Survey supernova program: a reanalysis of cosmology results and evidence for evolving dark energy with an updated Type Ia supernova calibration', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 548, no. 4. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stag632

TY - JOUR

T1 - The Dark Energy Survey supernova program

T2 - a reanalysis of cosmology results and evidence for evolving dark energy with an updated Type Ia supernova calibration

AU - Popovic, B.

AU - Shah, P.

AU - Kenworthy, W. D.

AU - Kessler, R.

AU - Davis, T. M.

AU - Goobar, A.

AU - Scolnic, D.

AU - Vincenzi, M.

AU - Wiseman, P.

AU - Chen, R.

AU - Charleton, E.

AU - Acevedo, M.

AU - Armstrong, P.

AU - Boyd, B. M.

AU - Brout, D.

AU - Camilleri, R.

AU - Frieman, J.

AU - Galbany, L.

AU - Grayling, M.

AU - Kelsey, L.

AU - Rose, B.

AU - Sánchez, B.

AU - Lee, J.

AU - Möller, A.

AU - Smith, M.

AU - Sullivan, M.

AU - Shiamtanis, N.

AU - Alarcon, A.

AU - Allam, S. S.

AU - Andrade-Oliveira, F.

AU - Avila, S.

AU - Bacon, D.

AU - Blazek, J.

AU - Bocquet, S.

AU - Brooks, D.

AU - Burke, D. L.

AU - Rosell, A. Carnero

AU - Carretero, J.

AU - Cawthon, R.

AU - da Costa, L. N.

AU - da Silva Pereira, M. E.

AU - Diehl, H. T.

AU - Dodelson, S.

AU - Doel, P.

AU - Everett, S.

AU - Frohmaier, C.

AU - García-Bellido, J.

AU - Gruen, D.

AU - Gutierrez, G.

AU - Herner, K.

AU - Hinton, S. R.

AU - Hollowood, D. L.

AU - Honscheid, K.

AU - Huterer, D.

AU - James, D. J.

AU - Jeffrey, N.

AU - Kuehn, K.

AU - Lahav, O.

AU - Lee, S.

AU - Lidman, C.

AU - Marshall, J. L.

AU - Mena-Fernández, J.

AU - Menanteau, F.

AU - Miquel, R.

AU - Muir, J.

AU - Myles, J.

AU - Ogando, R. L.C.

AU - Paterno, M.

AU - Malagón, A. A.Plazas

AU - Porredon, A.

AU - Prat, J.

AU - Nichol, R. C.

AU - Romer, A. K.

AU - Roodman, A.

AU - Sanchez, E.

AU - Cid, D. Sanchez

AU - Sevilla-Noarbe, I.

AU - Suchyta, E.

AU - Swanson, M. E.C.

AU - To, C.

AU - Tucker, D. L.

AU - Walker, A. R.

AU - Weaverdyck, N.

AU - Aguena, M.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PY - 2026/6

Y1 - 2026/6

N2 - We present improved cosmological constraints from a re-analysis of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) 5-year sample of Type Ia supernovae (DES-SN5YR). This re-analysis includes an improved photometric cross-calibration, recent white dwarf observations to cross-calibrate between DES and low-redshift surveys, retraining the salt3 light-curve model and fixing a numerical approximation in the host-galaxy colour law. Our fully recalibrated sample, which we call DES-Dovekie, comprises (Formula presented) 1600 likely Type Ia SNe from DES and (Formula presented) 200 low-redshift SNe from other surveys. With DES-Dovekie, we obtain (Formula presented) in flat Lambda-cold dark matter ((Formula presented) CDM) which changes (Formula presented) by (Formula presented) compared to DES-SN5YR. Combining DES-Dovekie with cosmic microwave background data from Planck, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, and South Pole Telescope and the DESI DR2 measurements in a flat (Formula presented) CDM cosmology, we find (Formula presented) and (Formula presented). Our results hold a significance of (Formula presented), reduced from (Formula presented) for DES-SN5YR, to reject the null hypothesis that the data are compatible with the cosmological constant. This significance is equivalent to a Bayesian model preference odds of approximately 5:1 in favour of the flat (Formula presented) CDM model. Using generally accepted thresholds for model preference, our updated data exhibits only a weak preference for evolving dark energy.

AB - We present improved cosmological constraints from a re-analysis of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) 5-year sample of Type Ia supernovae (DES-SN5YR). This re-analysis includes an improved photometric cross-calibration, recent white dwarf observations to cross-calibrate between DES and low-redshift surveys, retraining the salt3 light-curve model and fixing a numerical approximation in the host-galaxy colour law. Our fully recalibrated sample, which we call DES-Dovekie, comprises (Formula presented) 1600 likely Type Ia SNe from DES and (Formula presented) 200 low-redshift SNe from other surveys. With DES-Dovekie, we obtain (Formula presented) in flat Lambda-cold dark matter ((Formula presented) CDM) which changes (Formula presented) by (Formula presented) compared to DES-SN5YR. Combining DES-Dovekie with cosmic microwave background data from Planck, Atacama Cosmology Telescope, and South Pole Telescope and the DESI DR2 measurements in a flat (Formula presented) CDM cosmology, we find (Formula presented) and (Formula presented). Our results hold a significance of (Formula presented), reduced from (Formula presented) for DES-SN5YR, to reject the null hypothesis that the data are compatible with the cosmological constant. This significance is equivalent to a Bayesian model preference odds of approximately 5:1 in favour of the flat (Formula presented) CDM model. Using generally accepted thresholds for model preference, our updated data exhibits only a weak preference for evolving dark energy.

KW - dark energy

KW - transients: supernovae

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105039887074

U2 - 10.1093/mnras/stag632

DO - 10.1093/mnras/stag632

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105039887074

SN - 0035-8711

VL - 548

JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

IS - 4

ER -

The Dark Energy Survey supernova program: a reanalysis of cosmology results and evidence for evolving dark energy with an updated Type Ia supernova calibration

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