Superclustering with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Dark Energy Survey. I. Evidence for Thermal Energy Anisotropy Using Oriented Stacking

M. Lokken; R. Hložek; A. Van Engelen; M. Madhavacheril; E. Baxter; J. Derose; C. Doux; S. Pandey; E. S. Rykoff; G. Stein; C. To; T. M.C. Abbott; S. Adhikari; M. Aguena; S. Allam; F. Andrade-Oliveira; J. Annis; N. Battaglia; G. M. Bernstein; E. Bertin; J. R. Bond; D. Brooks; E. Calabrese; A. Carnero Rosell; M. Carrasco Kind; J. Carretero; R. Cawthon; A. Choi; M. Costanzi; M. Crocce; L. N.Da Costa; M. E.Da Silva Pereira; J. De Vicente; S. Desai; J. P. Dietrich; P. Doel; J. Dunkley; S. Everett; A. E. Evrard; S. Ferraro; B. Flaugher; P. Fosalba; J. Frieman; P. A. Gallardo; J. García-Bellido; E. Gaztanaga; D. W. Gerdes; T. Giannantonio; D. Gruen; R. A. Gruendl; J. Gschwend; G. Gutierrez; J. C. Hill; M. Hilton; A. D. Hincks; S. R. Hinton; D. L. Hollowood; K. Honscheid; B. Hoyle; Z. Huang; J. P. Hughes; D. Huterer; B. Jain; D. J. James; T. Jeltema; K. Kuehn; M. Lima; M. A.G. Maia; J. L. Marshall; J. McMahon; P. Melchior; F. Menanteau; R. Miquel; J. J. Mohr; K. Moodley; R. Morgan; F. Nati; L. Page; R. L.C. Ogando; A. Palmese; F. Paz-Chinchón; A. A.Plazas Malagón; A. Pieres; A. K. Romer; E. Rozo; E. Sanchez; V. Scarpine; A. Schillaci; M. Schubnell; S. Serrano; I. Sevilla-Noarbe; E. Sheldon; T. Shin; C. Sifón; M. Smith; M. Soares-Santos; E. Suchyta; M. E.C. Swanson; G. Tarle; D. Thomas; D. L. Tucker; T. N. Varga; J. Weller; R. H. Wechsler; R. D. Wilkinson; E. J. Wollack; Z. Xu

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7043

Superclustering with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Dark Energy Survey. I. Evidence for Thermal Energy Anisotropy Using Oriented Stacking

M. Lokken
, R. Hložek
, A. Van Engelen
, M. Madhavacheril
, E. Baxter
, J. Derose
, C. Doux
, S. Pandey
, E. S. Rykoff
, G. Stein
, C. To
, T. M.C. Abbott
, S. Adhikari
, M. Aguena
, S. Allam
, F. Andrade-Oliveira
, J. Annis
, N. Battaglia
, G. M. Bernstein
, E. Bertin

J. R. Bond, D. Brooks, E. Calabrese, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, R. Cawthon, A. Choi, M. Costanzi, M. Crocce, L. N.Da Costa, M. E.Da Silva Pereira, J. De Vicente, S. Desai, J. P. Dietrich, P. Doel, J. Dunkley, S. Everett, A. E. Evrard, S. Ferraro, B. Flaugher, P. Fosalba, J. Frieman, P. A. Gallardo, J. García-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga, D. W. Gerdes, T. Giannantonio, D. Gruen, R. A. Gruendl, J. Gschwend, G. Gutierrez, J. C. Hill, M. Hilton, A. D. Hincks, S. R. Hinton, D. L. Hollowood, K. Honscheid, B. Hoyle, Z. Huang, J. P. Hughes, D. Huterer, B. Jain, D. J. James, T. Jeltema, K. Kuehn, M. Lima, M. A.G. Maia, J. L. Marshall, J. McMahon, P. Melchior, F. Menanteau, R. Miquel, J. J. Mohr, K. Moodley, R. Morgan, F. Nati, L. Page, R. L.C. Ogando, A. Palmese, F. Paz-Chinchón, A. A.Plazas Malagón, A. Pieres, A. K. Romer, E. Rozo, E. Sanchez, V. Scarpine, A. Schillaci, M. Schubnell, S. Serrano, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, E. Sheldon, T. Shin, C. Sifón, M. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, E. Suchyta, M. E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, D. Thomas, D. L. Tucker, T. N. Varga, J. Weller, R. H. Wechsler, R. D. Wilkinson, E. J. Wollack, Z. Xu

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Abstract

The cosmic web contains filamentary structure on a wide range of scales. On the largest scales, superclustering aligns multiple galaxy clusters along intercluster bridges, visible through their thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich signal in the cosmic microwave background. We demonstrate a new, flexible method to analyze the hot gas signal from multiscale extended structures. We use a Compton y-map from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) stacked on redMaPPer cluster positions from the optical Dark Energy Survey (DES). Cutout images from the y-map are oriented with large-scale structure information from DES galaxy data such that the superclustering signal is aligned before being overlaid. We find evidence of an extended quadrupole moment of the stacked y signal at the 3.5σ level, demonstrating that the large-scale thermal energy surrounding galaxy clusters is anisotropically distributed. We compare our ACT × DES results with the Buzzard simulations, finding broad agreement. Using simulations, we highlight the promise of this novel technique for constraining the evolution of anisotropic, non-Gaussian structure using future combinations of microwave and optical surveys.

Original language	English
Article number	134
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	933
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7043
State	Published - Jul 1 2022

Funding

This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation through awards AST-0408698, AST-0965625, and AST-1440226 for the ACT project, as well as awards PHY-0355328, PHY-0855887, and PHY-1214379. Funding was also provided by Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and a Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) award to UBC. ACT operates in the Parque Astronómico Atacama in northern Chile under the auspices of the Comisión Nacional de Investigación (CONICYT). The development of multichroic detectors and lenses was supported by NASA grants NNX13AE56G and NNX14AB58G. Detector research at NIST was supported by the NIST Innovations in Measurement Science program. J.P.H. acknowledges funding for SZ cluster studies from NSF AAG No. AST-1615657. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory at NSF’s NOIRLab (NOIRLab Prop. ID 2012B-0001; PI: J. Frieman), which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grant Nos. ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013), including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). We thank the anonymous referee for providing valuable comments which improved the quality of the manuscript. Canadian co-authors acknowledge support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Computations were performed in part on the Niagara supercomputer at the SciNet HPC Consortium. SciNet is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation; the Government of Ontario; Ontario Research Fund—Research Excellence; and the University of Toronto. K.M. acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of South Africa. A.D.H. acknowledges support from the Sutton Family Chair in Science, Christianity and Cultures. This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. J.R.B. was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant Program and a fellowship from the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Gravity and Extreme Universe program. M.L. acknowledges the support of the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [PGSD - 559296 - 2021] and the Queen Elizabeth II / Graduate Scholarships in Science and Technology (QEII-GSST). R.H. is a CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar, Gravity and the Extreme Universe Program, 2019, and a 2020 Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow. R.H. is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant Program and the Connaught Fund. The Dunlap Institute is funded through an endowment established by the David Dunlap family and the University of Toronto.

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10.3847/1538-4357/ac7043

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Lokken, M., Hložek, R., Engelen, A. V., Madhavacheril, M., Baxter, E., Derose, J., Doux, C., Pandey, S., Rykoff, E. S., Stein, G., To, C., Abbott, T. M. C., Adhikari, S., Aguena, M., Allam, S., Andrade-Oliveira, F., Annis, J., Battaglia, N., Bernstein, G. M., ... Xu, Z. (2022). Superclustering with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Dark Energy Survey. I. Evidence for Thermal Energy Anisotropy Using Oriented Stacking. Astrophysical Journal, 933(2), Article 134. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7043

@article{0cd6673a42bb46a492cf80011a3efae5,

title = "Superclustering with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Dark Energy Survey. I. Evidence for Thermal Energy Anisotropy Using Oriented Stacking",

abstract = "The cosmic web contains filamentary structure on a wide range of scales. On the largest scales, superclustering aligns multiple galaxy clusters along intercluster bridges, visible through their thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich signal in the cosmic microwave background. We demonstrate a new, flexible method to analyze the hot gas signal from multiscale extended structures. We use a Compton y-map from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) stacked on redMaPPer cluster positions from the optical Dark Energy Survey (DES). Cutout images from the y-map are oriented with large-scale structure information from DES galaxy data such that the superclustering signal is aligned before being overlaid. We find evidence of an extended quadrupole moment of the stacked y signal at the 3.5σ level, demonstrating that the large-scale thermal energy surrounding galaxy clusters is anisotropically distributed. We compare our ACT × DES results with the Buzzard simulations, finding broad agreement. Using simulations, we highlight the promise of this novel technique for constraining the evolution of anisotropic, non-Gaussian structure using future combinations of microwave and optical surveys.",

author = "M. Lokken and R. Hlo{\v z}ek and Engelen, \{A. Van\} and M. Madhavacheril and E. Baxter and J. Derose and C. Doux and S. Pandey and Rykoff, \{E. S.\} and G. Stein and C. To and Abbott, \{T. M.C.\} and S. Adhikari and M. Aguena and S. Allam and F. Andrade-Oliveira and J. Annis and N. Battaglia and Bernstein, \{G. M.\} and E. Bertin and Bond, \{J. R.\} and D. Brooks and E. Calabrese and Rosell, \{A. Carnero\} and Kind, \{M. Carrasco\} and J. Carretero and R. Cawthon and A. Choi and M. Costanzi and M. Crocce and Costa, \{L. N.Da\} and Pereira, \{M. E.Da Silva\} and Vicente, \{J. De\} and S. Desai and Dietrich, \{J. P.\} and P. Doel and J. Dunkley and S. Everett and Evrard, \{A. E.\} and S. Ferraro and B. Flaugher and P. Fosalba and J. Frieman and Gallardo, \{P. A.\} and J. Garc{\'i}a-Bellido and E. Gaztanaga and Gerdes, \{D. W.\} and T. Giannantonio and D. Gruen and Gruendl, \{R. A.\} and J. Gschwend and G. Gutierrez and Hill, \{J. C.\} and M. Hilton and Hincks, \{A. D.\} and Hinton, \{S. R.\} and Hollowood, \{D. L.\} and K. Honscheid and B. Hoyle and Z. Huang and Hughes, \{J. P.\} and D. Huterer and B. Jain and James, \{D. J.\} and T. Jeltema and K. Kuehn and M. Lima and Maia, \{M. A.G.\} and Marshall, \{J. L.\} and J. McMahon and P. Melchior and F. Menanteau and R. Miquel and Mohr, \{J. J.\} and K. Moodley and R. Morgan and F. Nati and L. Page and Ogando, \{R. L.C.\} and A. Palmese and F. Paz-Chinch{\'o}n and Malag{\'o}n, \{A. A.Plazas\} and A. Pieres and Romer, \{A. K.\} and E. Rozo and E. Sanchez and V. Scarpine and A. Schillaci and M. Schubnell and S. Serrano and I. Sevilla-Noarbe and E. Sheldon and T. Shin and C. Sif{\'o}n and M. Smith and M. Soares-Santos and E. Suchyta and Swanson, \{M. E.C.\} and G. Tarle and D. Thomas and Tucker, \{D. L.\} and Varga, \{T. N.\} and J. Weller and Wechsler, \{R. H.\} and Wilkinson, \{R. D.\} and Wollack, \{E. J.\} and Z. Xu",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",

year = "2022",

month = jul,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ac7043",

language = "English",

volume = "933",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

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Lokken, M, Hložek, R, Engelen, AV, Madhavacheril, M, Baxter, E, Derose, J, Doux, C, Pandey, S, Rykoff, ES, Stein, G, To, C, Abbott, TMC, Adhikari, S, Aguena, M, Allam, S, Andrade-Oliveira, F, Annis, J, Battaglia, N, Bernstein, GM, Bertin, E, Bond, JR, Brooks, D, Calabrese, E, Rosell, AC, Kind, MC, Carretero, J, Cawthon, R, Choi, A, Costanzi, M, Crocce, M, Costa, LND, Pereira, MEDS, Vicente, JD, Desai, S, Dietrich, JP, Doel, P, Dunkley, J, Everett, S, Evrard, AE, Ferraro, S, Flaugher, B, Fosalba, P, Frieman, J, Gallardo, PA, García-Bellido, J, Gaztanaga, E, Gerdes, DW, Giannantonio, T, Gruen, D, Gruendl, RA, Gschwend, J, Gutierrez, G, Hill, JC, Hilton, M, Hincks, AD, Hinton, SR, Hollowood, DL, Honscheid, K, Hoyle, B, Huang, Z, Hughes, JP, Huterer, D, Jain, B, James, DJ, Jeltema, T, Kuehn, K, Lima, M, Maia, MAG, Marshall, JL, McMahon, J, Melchior, P, Menanteau, F, Miquel, R, Mohr, JJ, Moodley, K, Morgan, R, Nati, F, Page, L, Ogando, RLC, Palmese, A, Paz-Chinchón, F, Malagón, AAP, Pieres, A, Romer, AK, Rozo, E, Sanchez, E, Scarpine, V, Schillaci, A, Schubnell, M, Serrano, S, Sevilla-Noarbe, I, Sheldon, E, Shin, T, Sifón, C, Smith, M, Soares-Santos, M, Suchyta, E, Swanson, MEC, Tarle, G, Thomas, D, Tucker, DL, Varga, TN, Weller, J, Wechsler, RH, Wilkinson, RD, Wollack, EJ & Xu, Z 2022, 'Superclustering with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Dark Energy Survey. I. Evidence for Thermal Energy Anisotropy Using Oriented Stacking', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 933, no. 2, 134. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7043

TY - JOUR

T1 - Superclustering with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Dark Energy Survey. I. Evidence for Thermal Energy Anisotropy Using Oriented Stacking

AU - Lokken, M.

AU - Hložek, R.

AU - Engelen, A. Van

AU - Madhavacheril, M.

AU - Baxter, E.

AU - Derose, J.

AU - Doux, C.

AU - Pandey, S.

AU - Rykoff, E. S.

AU - Stein, G.

AU - To, C.

AU - Abbott, T. M.C.

AU - Adhikari, S.

AU - Aguena, M.

AU - Allam, S.

AU - Andrade-Oliveira, F.

AU - Annis, J.

AU - Battaglia, N.

AU - Bernstein, G. M.

AU - Bertin, E.

AU - Bond, J. R.

AU - Brooks, D.

AU - Calabrese, E.

AU - Rosell, A. Carnero

AU - Kind, M. Carrasco

AU - Carretero, J.

AU - Cawthon, R.

AU - Choi, A.

AU - Costanzi, M.

AU - Crocce, M.

AU - Costa, L. N.Da

AU - Pereira, M. E.Da Silva

AU - Vicente, J. De

AU - Desai, S.

AU - Dietrich, J. P.

AU - Doel, P.

AU - Dunkley, J.

AU - Everett, S.

AU - Evrard, A. E.

AU - Ferraro, S.

AU - Flaugher, B.

AU - Fosalba, P.

AU - Frieman, J.

AU - Gallardo, P. A.

AU - García-Bellido, J.

AU - Gaztanaga, E.

AU - Gerdes, D. W.

AU - Giannantonio, T.

AU - Gruen, D.

AU - Gruendl, R. A.

AU - Gschwend, J.

AU - Gutierrez, G.

AU - Hill, J. C.

AU - Hilton, M.

AU - Hincks, A. D.

AU - Hinton, S. R.

AU - Hollowood, D. L.

AU - Honscheid, K.

AU - Hoyle, B.

AU - Huang, Z.

AU - Hughes, J. P.

AU - Huterer, D.

AU - Jain, B.

AU - James, D. J.

AU - Jeltema, T.

AU - Kuehn, K.

AU - Lima, M.

AU - Maia, M. A.G.

AU - Marshall, J. L.

AU - McMahon, J.

AU - Melchior, P.

AU - Menanteau, F.

AU - Miquel, R.

AU - Mohr, J. J.

AU - Moodley, K.

AU - Morgan, R.

AU - Nati, F.

AU - Page, L.

AU - Ogando, R. L.C.

AU - Palmese, A.

AU - Paz-Chinchón, F.

AU - Malagón, A. A.Plazas

AU - Pieres, A.

AU - Romer, A. K.

AU - Rozo, E.

AU - Sanchez, E.

AU - Scarpine, V.

AU - Schillaci, A.

AU - Schubnell, M.

AU - Serrano, S.

AU - Sevilla-Noarbe, I.

AU - Sheldon, E.

AU - Shin, T.

AU - Sifón, C.

AU - Smith, M.

AU - Soares-Santos, M.

AU - Suchyta, E.

AU - Swanson, M. E.C.

AU - Tarle, G.

AU - Thomas, D.

AU - Tucker, D. L.

AU - Varga, T. N.

AU - Weller, J.

AU - Wechsler, R. H.

AU - Wilkinson, R. D.

AU - Wollack, E. J.

AU - Xu, Z.

PY - 2022/7/1

Y1 - 2022/7/1

N2 - The cosmic web contains filamentary structure on a wide range of scales. On the largest scales, superclustering aligns multiple galaxy clusters along intercluster bridges, visible through their thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich signal in the cosmic microwave background. We demonstrate a new, flexible method to analyze the hot gas signal from multiscale extended structures. We use a Compton y-map from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) stacked on redMaPPer cluster positions from the optical Dark Energy Survey (DES). Cutout images from the y-map are oriented with large-scale structure information from DES galaxy data such that the superclustering signal is aligned before being overlaid. We find evidence of an extended quadrupole moment of the stacked y signal at the 3.5σ level, demonstrating that the large-scale thermal energy surrounding galaxy clusters is anisotropically distributed. We compare our ACT × DES results with the Buzzard simulations, finding broad agreement. Using simulations, we highlight the promise of this novel technique for constraining the evolution of anisotropic, non-Gaussian structure using future combinations of microwave and optical surveys.

AB - The cosmic web contains filamentary structure on a wide range of scales. On the largest scales, superclustering aligns multiple galaxy clusters along intercluster bridges, visible through their thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich signal in the cosmic microwave background. We demonstrate a new, flexible method to analyze the hot gas signal from multiscale extended structures. We use a Compton y-map from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) stacked on redMaPPer cluster positions from the optical Dark Energy Survey (DES). Cutout images from the y-map are oriented with large-scale structure information from DES galaxy data such that the superclustering signal is aligned before being overlaid. We find evidence of an extended quadrupole moment of the stacked y signal at the 3.5σ level, demonstrating that the large-scale thermal energy surrounding galaxy clusters is anisotropically distributed. We compare our ACT × DES results with the Buzzard simulations, finding broad agreement. Using simulations, we highlight the promise of this novel technique for constraining the evolution of anisotropic, non-Gaussian structure using future combinations of microwave and optical surveys.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85135217446

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7043

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7043

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85135217446

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 933

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 134

ER -

Superclustering with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Dark Energy Survey. I. Evidence for Thermal Energy Anisotropy Using Oriented Stacking

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