Abstract
Over 3000 mercury (Hg)-contaminated sites worldwide contain liquid metallic Hg [Hg(0)l] representing a continuous source of elemental Hg(0) in the environment through volatilization and solubilization in water. Currently, there are few effective treatment technologies available to remove or sequester Hg(0)l in situ. We investigated sonochemical treatments coupled with complexing agents, polysulfide and sulfide, in oxidizing Hg(0)l and stabilizing Hg in water, soil and quartz sand. Results indicate that sonication is highly effective in breaking up and oxidizing liquid Hg(0)l beads via acoustic cavitation, particularly in the presence of polysulfide. Without complexing agents, sonication caused only minor oxidation of Hg(0)l but increased headspace gaseous Hg(0)g and dissolved Hg(0)aq in water. However, the presence of polysulfide essentially stopped Hg(0) volatilization and solubilization. As a charged polymer, polysulfide was more effective than sulfide in oxidizing Hg(0)l and subsequently stabilizing the precipitated metacinnabar (β-HgS) nanocrystals. Sonochemical treatments with sulfide yielded incomplete oxidation of Hg(0)l, likely resulting from the formation of HgS coatings on the dispersed µm-size Hg(0)l bead surfaces. Sonication with polysulfide also resulted in rapid oxidation of Hg(0)l and precipitation of HgS in quartz sand and in the Hg(0)l-contaminated soil. This research indicates that sonochemical treatment with polysulfide could be an effective means in rapidly converting Hg(0)l to insoluble HgS precipitates in water and sediments, thereby preventing its further emission and release to the environment. We suggest that future studies are performed to confirm its technical feasibility and treatment efficacy for remediation applications.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 130589 |
| Journal | Journal of Hazardous Materials |
| Volume | 445 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Mar 5 2023 |
Funding
A portion of this research was supported by the Office of Groundwater and Soil Remediation , Office of Environmental Management, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as part of the Applied Field Research Initiative Program at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Additionally, the research was sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research within the DOE Office of Science , as part of the C ritical Interfaces Science Focus Area project at ORNL . H.D. was supported by the scholarship from Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 41877382 ). ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05–00OR22725 with DOE, which will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). A portion of this research was supported by the Office of Groundwater and Soil Remediation, Office of Environmental Management, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as part of the Applied Field Research Initiative Program at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Additionally, the research was sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research within the DOE Office of Science, as part of the Critical Interfaces Science Focus Area project at ORNL. H.D. was supported by the scholarship from Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (41877382). ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05–00OR22725 with DOE, which will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).
Keywords
- Cinnabar and metacinnabar
- HgS nanoparticles
- Immobilization
- Metallic mercury
- Ultrasonication