Smart Droplets Stabilized by Designer Surfactants: From Biomimicry to Active Motion to Materials Healing

Zhefei Yang, Deborah Snyder, Ashlin Sathyan, Anna Balazs, Todd Emrick

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

7 Scopus citations

Abstract

The science and technologies of emulsion droplets have been a long-term focus of extensive research endeavors for their practical utility across a breadth of industries, including pharmaceutical products, oil recovery processes, and the food sciences. However, with advances in materials chemistry and characterization tools, new emerging areas are arising with a focus on “smart droplets”. The versatility of emulsion droplets across is based on their ability to partition and create isolated systems with properties defined by the liquid–liquid interface, while preparative routes allow manipulation of droplet size, stability, and encapsulated contents. As described in this article, significant efforts are being devoted to creating new types of droplets by “activating” this interface through the incorporation of reactive structures that trigger droplet response to applied or environmental stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, salt, or external fields). Moreover, parallels between droplets and live cells inspire efforts to conceive systems that resemble biological motifs or that can produce cellular behaviors that imitate biology (e.g., swarming, communication, or motion). The authors highlight recent advances in smart droplets, with emphasis on organic, polymer, and/or particle surfactants that give rise to inter-droplet communication (via aggregation, fusion, division, or mass transfer), droplet vehicles for controlled delivery, autonomous droplet motion, and tunable emulsion inversion. Especially emphasized is the macromolecular design to produce reactive and functional surfactants, which are crucial to responsive droplet behavior and their underlying mechanisms. More generally, the exquisite interplay between materials science and biology inspires the review of this research area that provides unique opportunities for insight and inspiration into the capabilities of new droplet designs.

Original languageEnglish
Article number2306819
JournalAdvanced Functional Materials
Volume33
Issue number52
DOIs
StatePublished - Dec 22 2023
Externally publishedYes

Funding

The authors appreciate the support of their work on biomolecular materials and smart, responsive interfaces from the Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Science and Engineering (DE‐SC0008876).

FundersFunder number
Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Division of Materials Sciences and EngineeringDE‐SC0008876

    Keywords

    • Janus droplet
    • emulsion droplet
    • emulsion inversion
    • fluid interface
    • self-healing

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