Skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum fluctuations at the LHC energies

ALICE Collaboration

doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138541

Skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum fluctuations at the LHC energies

ALICE Collaboration

Relativistic Nuclear Physics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

8 Scopus citations

Abstract

The first measurements of skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum (〈p_T〉) fluctuations are reported in Pb–Pb collisions at s_NN = 5.02 TeV, Xe–Xe collisions at s_NN = 5.44 TeV and pp collisions at s=5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector. The measurements are carried out as a function of system size 〈dN_ch/dη〉_|η|<0.5^1/3, using charged particles with transverse momentum (p_T) and pseudorapidity (η), in the range 0.2<p_T<3.0 GeV/c and |η|<0.8, respectively. In Pb–Pb and Xe–Xe collisions, positive skewness is observed in the fluctuations of 〈p_T〉 for all centralities, which is significantly larger than what would be expected in the scenario of independent particle emission. This positive skewness is considered a crucial consequence of the hydrodynamic evolution of the hot and dense nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions. Furthermore, similar observations of positive skewness for minimum bias pp collisions are also reported here. Kurtosis of 〈p_T〉 fluctuations is found to be in good agreement with the kurtosis of Gaussian distribution, for most central Pb–Pb collisions. Hydrodynamic model calculations with MUSIC using Monte Carlo Glauber initial conditions are able to explain the measurements of both skewness and kurtosis qualitatively from semicentral to central collisions in Pb–Pb system. Color reconnection mechanism in PYTHIA8 model seems to play a pivotal role in capturing the qualitative behavior of the same measurements in pp collisions.

Original language	English
Article number	138541
Journal	Physics Letters B
Volume	850
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138541
State	Published - Mar 2024

Funding

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, within the National Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2020-2027 (object CERN), Bulgaria; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the Villum Fonden and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN, Indonesia; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Education and Science, National Science Centre and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics, Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics and Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti, Romania; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF via PMU-B B05F650021), Thailand; Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency (TENMAK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America. In addition, individual groups or members have received support from: European Research Council, Strong 2020 - Horizon 2020 (grant nos. 950692, 824093), European Union; Academy of Finland (Center of Excellence in Quark Matter) (grant nos. 346327, 346328), Finland. The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, within the National Roadmap for Research Infrastructures 2020-2027 (object CERN), Bulgaria; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN, Indonesia; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Education and Science, National Science Centre and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics, Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics and Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti, Romania; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF via PMU-B B05F650021), Thailand; Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency (TENMAK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America. In addition, individual groups or members have received support from: European Research Council, Strong 2020 - Horizon 2020 (grant nos. 950692, 824093), European Union; Academy of Finland (Center of Excellence in Quark Matter) (grant nos. 346327, 346328), Finland;

Funders	Funder number
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
State Committee of Science and World Federation
Ministry of Communications and High Technologies
Ministry of Education and Science
Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India
Villum Fonden and Danish National Research Foundation
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
National Science and Technology Development Agency
National Research Foundation of Korea
Villum Fonden
National Science, Research and Innovation Fund
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
Narodowe Centrum Nauki
University Grants Commission
Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Institute of Atomic Physics and Universitatea Nationala de Stiinta si Tehnologie Politehnica Bucuresti
General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Ministry of Education and Science
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation
Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
Helsinki Institute of Physics
Norges Forskningsråd
Yerevan Physics Institute
Natur og Univers, Det Frie Forskningsråd
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives
Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Suranaree University of Technology
Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear
Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu
Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal
European Commission
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung
U.S. Department of Energy
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
National Nuclear Research Center
WUT ID-UB
Institutul de Fizică Atomică
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport
Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
University Grants Commission, Government of India
European Research Council
National Research Foundation
Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
CERN
Nuclear Physics
Vetenskapsrådet
Österreichische Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
National Natural Science Foundation of China
NSRF	B05F650021
Horizon 2020	824093, 950692
Horizon 2020
Research Council of Finland	346328, 346327
Research Council of Finland
Austrian Science Fund	M 2467-N36
Austrian Science Fund

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10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138541

Cite this

@article{8cc26d3794634c578ec355246fc10790,

title = "Skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum fluctuations at the LHC energies",

abstract = "The first measurements of skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum (〈pT〉) fluctuations are reported in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN = 5.02 TeV, Xe–Xe collisions at sNN = 5.44 TeV and pp collisions at s=5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector. The measurements are carried out as a function of system size 〈dNch/dη〉|η|<0.51/3, using charged particles with transverse momentum (pT) and pseudorapidity (η), in the range 0.2T<3.0 GeV/c and |η|<0.8, respectively. In Pb–Pb and Xe–Xe collisions, positive skewness is observed in the fluctuations of 〈pT〉 for all centralities, which is significantly larger than what would be expected in the scenario of independent particle emission. This positive skewness is considered a crucial consequence of the hydrodynamic evolution of the hot and dense nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions. Furthermore, similar observations of positive skewness for minimum bias pp collisions are also reported here. Kurtosis of 〈pT〉 fluctuations is found to be in good agreement with the kurtosis of Gaussian distribution, for most central Pb–Pb collisions. Hydrodynamic model calculations with MUSIC using Monte Carlo Glauber initial conditions are able to explain the measurements of both skewness and kurtosis qualitatively from semicentral to central collisions in Pb–Pb system. Color reconnection mechanism in PYTHIA8 model seems to play a pivotal role in capturing the qualitative behavior of the same measurements in pp collisions.",

author = "{ALICE Collaboration} and S. Acharya and D. Adamov{\'a} and {Aglieri Rinella}, G. and M. Agnello and N. Agrawal and Z. Ahammed and S. Ahmad and Ahn, {S. U.} and I. Ahuja and A. Akindinov and M. Al-Turany and D. Aleksandrov and B. Alessandro and Alfanda, {H. M.} and {Alfaro Molina}, R. and B. Ali and A. Alici and N. Alizadehvandchali and A. Alkin and J. Alme and G. Alocco and T. Alt and Altamura, {A. R.} and I. Altsybeev and Alvarado, {J. R.} and Anaam, {M. N.} and C. Andrei and N. Andreou and A. Andronic and V. Anguelov and F. Antinori and P. Antonioli and N. Apadula and L. Aphecetche and H. Appelsh{\"a}user and C. Arata and S. Arcelli and M. Aresti and R. Arnaldi and Arneiro, {J. G.M.C.A.} and Arsene, {I. C.} and M. Arslandok and A. Augustinus and R. Averbeck and Azmi, {M. D.} and H. Baba and A. Badal{\`a} and F. Bock and Read, {K. F.} and Schmidt, {N. V.}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 European Organization for Nuclear Research. ALICE experiment",

year = "2024",

month = mar,

doi = "10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138541",

language = "English",

volume = "850",

journal = "Physics Letters B",

issn = "0370-2693",

publisher = "Elsevier",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum fluctuations at the LHC energies

AU - ALICE Collaboration

AU - Acharya, S.

AU - Adamová, D.

AU - Aglieri Rinella, G.

AU - Agnello, M.

AU - Agrawal, N.

AU - Ahammed, Z.

AU - Ahmad, S.

AU - Ahn, S. U.

AU - Ahuja, I.

AU - Akindinov, A.

AU - Al-Turany, M.

AU - Aleksandrov, D.

AU - Alessandro, B.

AU - Alfanda, H. M.

AU - Alfaro Molina, R.

AU - Ali, B.

AU - Alici, A.

AU - Alizadehvandchali, N.

AU - Alkin, A.

AU - Alme, J.

AU - Alocco, G.

AU - Alt, T.

AU - Altamura, A. R.

AU - Altsybeev, I.

AU - Alvarado, J. R.

AU - Anaam, M. N.

AU - Andrei, C.

AU - Andreou, N.

AU - Andronic, A.

AU - Anguelov, V.

AU - Antinori, F.

AU - Antonioli, P.

AU - Apadula, N.

AU - Aphecetche, L.

AU - Appelshäuser, H.

AU - Arata, C.

AU - Arcelli, S.

AU - Aresti, M.

AU - Arnaldi, R.

AU - Arneiro, J. G.M.C.A.

AU - Arsene, I. C.

AU - Arslandok, M.

AU - Augustinus, A.

AU - Averbeck, R.

AU - Azmi, M. D.

AU - Baba, H.

AU - Badalà, A.

AU - Bock, F.

AU - Read, K. F.

AU - Schmidt, N. V.

PY - 2024/3

Y1 - 2024/3

N2 - The first measurements of skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum (〈pT〉) fluctuations are reported in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN = 5.02 TeV, Xe–Xe collisions at sNN = 5.44 TeV and pp collisions at s=5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector. The measurements are carried out as a function of system size 〈dNch/dη〉|η|<0.51/3, using charged particles with transverse momentum (pT) and pseudorapidity (η), in the range 0.2T<3.0 GeV/c and |η|<0.8, respectively. In Pb–Pb and Xe–Xe collisions, positive skewness is observed in the fluctuations of 〈pT〉 for all centralities, which is significantly larger than what would be expected in the scenario of independent particle emission. This positive skewness is considered a crucial consequence of the hydrodynamic evolution of the hot and dense nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions. Furthermore, similar observations of positive skewness for minimum bias pp collisions are also reported here. Kurtosis of 〈pT〉 fluctuations is found to be in good agreement with the kurtosis of Gaussian distribution, for most central Pb–Pb collisions. Hydrodynamic model calculations with MUSIC using Monte Carlo Glauber initial conditions are able to explain the measurements of both skewness and kurtosis qualitatively from semicentral to central collisions in Pb–Pb system. Color reconnection mechanism in PYTHIA8 model seems to play a pivotal role in capturing the qualitative behavior of the same measurements in pp collisions.

AB - The first measurements of skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum (〈pT〉) fluctuations are reported in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN = 5.02 TeV, Xe–Xe collisions at sNN = 5.44 TeV and pp collisions at s=5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector. The measurements are carried out as a function of system size 〈dNch/dη〉|η|<0.51/3, using charged particles with transverse momentum (pT) and pseudorapidity (η), in the range 0.2T<3.0 GeV/c and |η|<0.8, respectively. In Pb–Pb and Xe–Xe collisions, positive skewness is observed in the fluctuations of 〈pT〉 for all centralities, which is significantly larger than what would be expected in the scenario of independent particle emission. This positive skewness is considered a crucial consequence of the hydrodynamic evolution of the hot and dense nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions. Furthermore, similar observations of positive skewness for minimum bias pp collisions are also reported here. Kurtosis of 〈pT〉 fluctuations is found to be in good agreement with the kurtosis of Gaussian distribution, for most central Pb–Pb collisions. Hydrodynamic model calculations with MUSIC using Monte Carlo Glauber initial conditions are able to explain the measurements of both skewness and kurtosis qualitatively from semicentral to central collisions in Pb–Pb system. Color reconnection mechanism in PYTHIA8 model seems to play a pivotal role in capturing the qualitative behavior of the same measurements in pp collisions.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85187503035&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138541

DO - 10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138541

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85187503035

SN - 0370-2693

VL - 850

JO - Physics Letters B

JF - Physics Letters B

M1 - 138541

ER -

Skewness and kurtosis of mean transverse momentum fluctuations at the LHC energies

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