Abstract
Recent advances in materials syntheses have enabled ε-LiVOPO4 to deliver capacities approaching, and in some cases exceeding the theoretical value of 305 mA h g−1 for 2Li intercalation, despite its poor electronic and ionic conductivity. However, not all of the capacity corresponds to the true electrochemical intercalation/deintercalation reactions as evidenced upon systematic tracking of V valence through combined operando and rate-dependent ex situ X-ray absorption study presented herein. Structural disorder and defects introduced in the material by high-energy ball milling impede kinetics of the high-voltage V5+/V4+ redox more severely than the low-voltage V4+/V3+ redox, promoting significant side reaction contributions in the high-voltage region, irrespective of cycling conditions. The present work emphasizes the need for nanoengineering of active materials without compromising their bulk structural integrity in order to fully utilize high-energy density of multi-electron cathode materials.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 20669-20677 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | Journal of Materials Chemistry A |
| Volume | 6 |
| Issue number | 42 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 2018 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Funding
This work was supported as part of the NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences under Award# DESC0012583. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Qing Ma for his assistance during XAS experiments at beamline 5BM of Advanced Photon Source. The authors also acknowledge Diamond Light Source for access to beamline B18 (Proposal# SP18423) that contributed to the results presented here. M. J. Z. was supported as part of the Multidisciplinary GAANN in Smart Energy Materials, a Graduate Areas of National Need, funded by the U.S. Department of Education, under Award# P200A150135. The authors are grateful to Dr Matthew Wahila for inspiring Table of Contents graphics and cover page artworks.