Refining computer tomography data with super-resolution networks to increase the accuracy of respiratory flow simulations

Xin Liu, Mario Rüttgers, Alessio Quercia, Romain Egele, Elisabeth Pfaehler, Rushikesh Shende, Marcel Aach, Wolfgang Schröder, Prasanna Balaprakash, Andreas Lintermann

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Accurately computing the flow in the nasal cavity with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations requires highly resolved computational meshes based on anatomically realistic geometries. Such geometries can only be obtained from computer tomography (CT) data with high spatial resolution, i.e., featuring a ≤1mm slice thickness. In practice, CT images are, however, recorded at a lower resolution to not expose patients to high radiation and to reduce the overall costs. To overcome this problem and to provide patients with a detailed physics-based diagnosis, e.g., for surgery planning, the potential of super-resolution networks (SRNs) to increase the CT resolution is analyzed. Therefore, an SRN is developed and trained on CT data. Its predictive performance is improved by an automated hyperparameter optimization technique. The training time is further reduced without predictive accuracy degradation by oversampling images with challenging regions. The performance of the SRN is assessed by an analysis of the reconstructed 3D surfaces of the human upper airway and by comparing results of CFD simulations. That is, surfaces and simulation results based on SRN-generated CT data at 1mm resolution are compared to those obtained from unmodified CT data-sets at low (3mm) and high (1mm) resolution, as well as from CT data interpolated to a 1mm resolution from coarse data. The findings reveal the SRN-based approach to have the lowest deviations in the surfaces and CFD results when compared to those based on the original high-resolution data. The pressure loss between the inflow (nostrils) and outflow (pharynx) regions averaged for three test patients differs by only 1.3%, compared to 8.7% and 8.8% in the coarse and interpolated cases. It is concluded that the SRN-based method is a promising tool to enhance underresolved CT data to yield reliable numerical results of respiratory flows.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)474-488
Number of pages15
JournalFuture Generation Computer Systems
Volume159
DOIs
StatePublished - Oct 2024

Keywords

  • Computational fluid dynamics
  • Data efficient training
  • Hyperparameter optimization
  • Machine learning
  • Respiratory flows
  • Super-resolution

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