Abstract
The Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) industry is currently transitioning away from high global warming potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants. However, many lower-GWP alternatives are flammable. Current safety codes restrict use of all flammable refrigerants; revision of the codes is needed to facilitate wider use of flammable alternatives. Hence, information is needed to enable reliable estimates of safe charge limits for flammable refrigerant options for different HVAC&R applications. A reduced-order model (ROM) was developed and validated to help estimate safe charge limits based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of refrigerant releases in a single room for a range of parameters. Validation of the ROM vs. the CFD results showed good general agreement for mean refrigerant concentration. The normalized mean bias error (NMBE) was 0.67% with a maximum error of 15%.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Title of host publication | ICR 2019 - 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration |
| Editors | Vasile Minea |
| Publisher | International Institute of Refrigeration |
| Pages | 1417-1425 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| ISBN (Electronic) | 9782362150357 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 2019 |
| Event | 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration, ICR 2019 - Montreal, Canada Duration: Aug 24 2019 → Aug 30 2019 |
Publication series
| Name | Refrigeration Science and Technology |
|---|---|
| Volume | 2019-August |
| ISSN (Print) | 0151-1637 |
Conference
| Conference | 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration, ICR 2019 |
|---|---|
| Country/Territory | Canada |
| City | Montreal |
| Period | 08/24/19 → 08/30/19 |
Funding
This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Building Technologies Office under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. The authors would also like to acknowledge Mr. Antonio Bouza, Technology Manager - HVAC&R, Water Heating, and Appliance, U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Office and members of the AHRTI advisory group for the project. This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DEAC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building Technologies Office under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. The authors would also like to acknowledge Mr. Antonio Bouza, Technology Manager – HVAC&R, Water Heating, and Appliance, U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Office and members of the AHRTI advisory group for the project. This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).
Keywords
- Charge Limits
- Flammable
- Lower-GWP
- Refrigerants