Recent applications of X-ray grating interferometry imaging to evaluate flame retardancy performance of brominated flame retardant

Mutairu B. Olatinwo; Kyungmin Ham; Jonathan McCarney; Shashidhara Marathe; Jinghua Ge; Gerald Knapp; Leslie G. Butler

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.02.001

Recent applications of X-ray grating interferometry imaging to evaluate flame retardancy performance of brominated flame retardant

Mutairu B. Olatinwo, Kyungmin Ham, Jonathan McCarney, Shashidhara Marathe, Jinghua Ge, Gerald Knapp, Leslie G. Butler

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

In this work, fire inhibition performance of four flame retardant formulations of brominated flame retardant (BFR: GreenArmor^®), antimony(III) oxide (Sb₂O₃) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) is reported. The standard Underwriters Laboratory (UL 94) vertical burn test was applied for assessing the flame retardancy of a variety of polymer blends. A formulation having 13.3 wt% GreenArmor^®, 4 wt% Sb₂O₃ and 82.7 wt% HIPS, named sample D, successfully passed the flame test and was rated V-0. The other formulations with deficient composition exhibited low flame retardancy, as expected. The X-ray grating interferometry method is introduced for probing the 3D internal structures across the burnt UL 94 flame retarded polymer blend formulations to present the detailed mechanisms of flame retardancy. The X-ray images revealed several features for the formulation (sample D) that passed the UL 94 test: heat-induced dissolution of BFR and Sb₂O₃ residual particles, formation of gas bubbles inside the burnt polymer test bar, deflation of gas bubbles in a char layer through a microcrack, and thick char layer development, defined by the Br and Sb concentration profile to a depth of 100–220 μm. Also, the X-ray images show clear differences between formulations that pass and fail the UL 94 test. X-ray grating interferometry imaging is proposed as a novel technique for assessment of new generation flame retardants.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1-11
Number of pages	11
Journal	Polymer Degradation and Stability
Volume	138
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.02.001
State	Published - Apr 1 2017
Externally published	Yes

Funding

Use of the Advanced Photon Source and Center for Nanoscale Materials, Office of Science User Facilities operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, by Argonne National Laboratory, was supported by the U.S. DOE under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The support of National Science Foundation CHE-0910937, 1610655 and W.M. Keck Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under the NSF EPSCoR Cooperative Agreement No. EPS-1003897 with additional support from the Louisiana Board of Regents. Mutairu B. Olatinwo would like to thank the A.G. Leventis Foundation and Alpha Kappa Alpha Educational Advancement Foundation for their additional research support.

Funders	Funder number
U.S. DOE	DE-AC02-06CH11357
National Science Foundation	1610655, CHE-0910937
U.S. Department of Energy
W. M. Keck Foundation
Office of Science
Argonne National Laboratory
Louisiana Board of Regents
Kappa Alpha Theta Foundation
Kansas NSF EPSCoR	EPS-1003897
A.G. Leventis Foundation

Keywords

Brominated flame retardant
Single-shot checkerboard grating interferometry
Underwriters Laboratories (UL 94) burn test
X-ray K-edge absorption tomography

Access to Document

10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.02.001

Cite this

@article{7e9f6063271846f5bb5926ad2a66ffb4,

title = "Recent applications of X-ray grating interferometry imaging to evaluate flame retardancy performance of brominated flame retardant",

abstract = "In this work, fire inhibition performance of four flame retardant formulations of brominated flame retardant (BFR: GreenArmor{\textregistered}), antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) is reported. The standard Underwriters Laboratory (UL 94) vertical burn test was applied for assessing the flame retardancy of a variety of polymer blends. A formulation having 13.3 wt% GreenArmor{\textregistered}, 4 wt% Sb2O3 and 82.7 wt% HIPS, named sample D, successfully passed the flame test and was rated V-0. The other formulations with deficient composition exhibited low flame retardancy, as expected. The X-ray grating interferometry method is introduced for probing the 3D internal structures across the burnt UL 94 flame retarded polymer blend formulations to present the detailed mechanisms of flame retardancy. The X-ray images revealed several features for the formulation (sample D) that passed the UL 94 test: heat-induced dissolution of BFR and Sb2O3 residual particles, formation of gas bubbles inside the burnt polymer test bar, deflation of gas bubbles in a char layer through a microcrack, and thick char layer development, defined by the Br and Sb concentration profile to a depth of 100–220 μm. Also, the X-ray images show clear differences between formulations that pass and fail the UL 94 test. X-ray grating interferometry imaging is proposed as a novel technique for assessment of new generation flame retardants.",

keywords = "Brominated flame retardant, Single-shot checkerboard grating interferometry, Underwriters Laboratories (UL 94) burn test, X-ray K-edge absorption tomography",

author = "Olatinwo, {Mutairu B.} and Kyungmin Ham and Jonathan McCarney and Shashidhara Marathe and Jinghua Ge and Gerald Knapp and Butler, {Leslie G.}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 Elsevier Ltd",

year = "2017",

month = apr,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.02.001",

language = "English",

volume = "138",

pages = "1--11",

journal = "Polymer Degradation and Stability",

issn = "0141-3910",

publisher = "Elsevier",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Recent applications of X-ray grating interferometry imaging to evaluate flame retardancy performance of brominated flame retardant

AU - Olatinwo, Mutairu B.

AU - Ham, Kyungmin

AU - McCarney, Jonathan

AU - Marathe, Shashidhara

AU - Ge, Jinghua

AU - Knapp, Gerald

AU - Butler, Leslie G.

PY - 2017/4/1

Y1 - 2017/4/1

N2 - In this work, fire inhibition performance of four flame retardant formulations of brominated flame retardant (BFR: GreenArmor®), antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) is reported. The standard Underwriters Laboratory (UL 94) vertical burn test was applied for assessing the flame retardancy of a variety of polymer blends. A formulation having 13.3 wt% GreenArmor®, 4 wt% Sb2O3 and 82.7 wt% HIPS, named sample D, successfully passed the flame test and was rated V-0. The other formulations with deficient composition exhibited low flame retardancy, as expected. The X-ray grating interferometry method is introduced for probing the 3D internal structures across the burnt UL 94 flame retarded polymer blend formulations to present the detailed mechanisms of flame retardancy. The X-ray images revealed several features for the formulation (sample D) that passed the UL 94 test: heat-induced dissolution of BFR and Sb2O3 residual particles, formation of gas bubbles inside the burnt polymer test bar, deflation of gas bubbles in a char layer through a microcrack, and thick char layer development, defined by the Br and Sb concentration profile to a depth of 100–220 μm. Also, the X-ray images show clear differences between formulations that pass and fail the UL 94 test. X-ray grating interferometry imaging is proposed as a novel technique for assessment of new generation flame retardants.

AB - In this work, fire inhibition performance of four flame retardant formulations of brominated flame retardant (BFR: GreenArmor®), antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) is reported. The standard Underwriters Laboratory (UL 94) vertical burn test was applied for assessing the flame retardancy of a variety of polymer blends. A formulation having 13.3 wt% GreenArmor®, 4 wt% Sb2O3 and 82.7 wt% HIPS, named sample D, successfully passed the flame test and was rated V-0. The other formulations with deficient composition exhibited low flame retardancy, as expected. The X-ray grating interferometry method is introduced for probing the 3D internal structures across the burnt UL 94 flame retarded polymer blend formulations to present the detailed mechanisms of flame retardancy. The X-ray images revealed several features for the formulation (sample D) that passed the UL 94 test: heat-induced dissolution of BFR and Sb2O3 residual particles, formation of gas bubbles inside the burnt polymer test bar, deflation of gas bubbles in a char layer through a microcrack, and thick char layer development, defined by the Br and Sb concentration profile to a depth of 100–220 μm. Also, the X-ray images show clear differences between formulations that pass and fail the UL 94 test. X-ray grating interferometry imaging is proposed as a novel technique for assessment of new generation flame retardants.

KW - Brominated flame retardant

KW - Single-shot checkerboard grating interferometry

KW - Underwriters Laboratories (UL 94) burn test

KW - X-ray K-edge absorption tomography

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85013455480&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.02.001

DO - 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.02.001

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85013455480

SN - 0141-3910

VL - 138

SP - 1

EP - 11

JO - Polymer Degradation and Stability

JF - Polymer Degradation and Stability

ER -

Recent applications of X-ray grating interferometry imaging to evaluate flame retardancy performance of brominated flame retardant

Abstract

Funding

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this