Abstract
Agriculture is fundamental to all three pillars of sustainability, environment, society, and economy. However, the definition of sustainable agriculture and the capacities to measure it remain elusive. Independent and transparent measurements of national sustainability are needed to gauge progress, encourage accountability, and inform policy. Here, we developed a Sustainable Agriculture Matrix (SAM) to quantify national performance indicators in agriculture and to investigate the trade-offs and synergies based on historical data for most countries of the world. The results reveal priority areas for improvement by each country and show that the trade-offs and synergies among indicators often differ. Exceptions to common economic-versus-environmental trade-offs, for example, offer opportunities to learn from countries with synergistic pathways for multiple sustainability indicators. These SAM indicators will improve as data become more available, but this version offers a useful starting point for evaluating progress, identifying priorities for improvement, and informing national policies and actions toward sustainable agriculture.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 1262-1277 |
Number of pages | 16 |
Journal | One Earth |
Volume | 4 |
Issue number | 9 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Sep 17 2021 |
Externally published | Yes |
Funding
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation CNS-1739823 and by the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC) under funding received from the National Science Foundation DBI-1639145 . The authors acknowledge all participants of SAM workshops sponsored by SESYNC.
Keywords
- agricultural policy
- agricultural productivity
- environment
- greenhouse gas emissions
- health and nutrition
- indicators
- planetary boundaries
- sustainable agriculture
- Sustainable Development Goals
- trade-offs and synergies