Proton transport mechanisms in aqueous acids: Insights from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations

The solvation and transport of protons in aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid (PA), sulfuric acid (SA), and nitric acid (NA) were studied using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Systems with acid-to-water ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 were examined to understand the similarities and differences in transport mechanisms. The solvation structure of H₃O⁺ in these systems is similar to that in slightly acidic water, with variations in the strength of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) accepted by acid molecules. In aqueous PA systems, strong H-bonds between PA molecules are slightly affected by water, leading to significantly greater H₃O⁺ diffusion compared to aqueous SA and NA systems. This enhanced diffusion is attributed to the participation of PA molecules in H₃O⁺ transport, where the PA molecule can shuttle a proton for H₃O⁺, facilitating a large displacement via collective proton hopping. This shuttling mechanism is prominent in aqueous PA but rare in aqueous SA and absent in aqueous NA. Moreover, the decomposition of H₃O⁺ diffusion into vehicular and structural components indicates that the higher diffusion in aqueous PA is primarily due to the structural mechanism with the aid of PA molecules. In the aqueous NA systems, the vehicular diffusion is dominant at low water contents and the increase in water content improves the structural diffusion by forming connected H-bonds within water molecules. Our findings elucidate the role of acid molecules in proton transport within their aqueous solutions, thereby advancing the fundamental understanding of proton transport mechanisms.