Abstract
A scanning probe microscopy technique for probing local ionic dynamics in electrochemically active materials based on the first-order reversal curve current-voltage (FORC-IV) method is presented. FORC-IV imaging mode is applied to a Ca-substituted bismuth ferrite (Ca-BFO) system to separate the electronic and ionic phenomena in this material and visualize the spatial variability of these behaviors. The variable-temperature measurements further demonstrate the interplay between the thermally and electric-field-driven resistance changes in Ca-BFO. The FORC-IV is shown to be a simple, powerful, and flexible method for studying electrochemical activity of materials at the nanoscale and, in conjunction with the electrochemical strain microscopy, it can be used for differentiating ferroelectric and ionic behaviors.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 3455-3462 |
| Number of pages | 8 |
| Journal | Nano Letters |
| Volume | 13 |
| Issue number | 8 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Aug 14 2013 |
Keywords
- Ca-BFO
- FORC-IV
- SPM
- ionic dynamics
- oxygen vacancy
- voltage spectroscopy