Pore–Scale Numerical Investigations of the Impact of Mineral Dissolution and Transport in Naturally Fractured Systems During CO₂–Enriched Brine Injection

CO₂ storage and sequestration are regarded as an effective approach to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. While injecting an enormous amount of CO₂ into carbonate–rich aquifers, CO₂ dissolves in the formation brine under the large pressure, and the subsequently formed CO₂–enriched brine reacts with the calcite. Reaction–induced changes in pore structure and fracture geometry alter the porosity and permeability, giving rise to concerns of CO₂storage capacity and security. Especially in the reservoir or aquifer with natural fractures, the fractures provide a highly permeable pathways for fluid flow. This study aims to analyze the acid–rock interaction and subsequent permeability evolution in the systems with complex fracture configurations during CO₂ injection by implementing a pore–scale DBS reactive transport model. The model has been developed by expanding the functionality of OpenFOAM, which is an open–source code for computational fluid dynamics. A series of partial differential equations are discretized by applying the Finite Volume Method (FVM) and sequentially solved. Different fracture configurations in terms of fracture length, density, connection, and mineral components have been considered to investigate their impacts on the dynamic porosity–permeability relationship, dissolution rate, and reactant transport characteristics during CO₂ storage. The investigation revealed several interesting findings. We found that calcium (Ca) concentration was low in the poorly connected area at the initial time. As CO₂–enriched brine saturated the system and reacted with calcite, Ca started being accumulated in the system. However, Ca barely flowed out of the poor–connected area, and the concentration became high. Lengths of branches mainly influenced the dissolution rates, while they had slight impacts on the porosity–permeability relationship. While fracture connectivity had an apparent influence on the porosity–permeability relationship, it showed a weak relevance on the dissolution rate. These microscopic insights can help enhance the CO₂ sealing capacity and guarantee environmental security.