OzDES Reverberation Mapping Program: Stacking analysis with Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv

U. Malik; R. Sharp; A. Penton; Z. Yu; P. Martini; B. E. Tucker; T. M. Davis; G. F. Lewis; C. Lidman; M. Aguena; O. Alves; J. Annis; J. Asorey; D. Bacon; D. Brooks; A. Carnero Rosell; J. Carretero; T. Y. Cheng; L. N. Da Costa; M. E.S. Pereira; J. De Vicente; P. Doel; I. Ferrero; J. Frieman; G. Giannini; D. Gruen; R. A. Gruendl; S. R. Hinton; D. L. Hollowood; D. J. James; K. Kuehn; J. L. Marshall; J. Mena-Fernández; F. Menanteau; R. Miquel; R. L.C. Ogando; A. Palmese; A. Pieres; A. A. Plazas Malagón; K. Reil; A. K. Romer; E. Sanchez; M. Schubnell; M. Smith; E. Suchyta; M. E.C. Swanson; G. Tarle; C. To; N. Weaverdyck; P. Wiseman

doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1154

OzDES Reverberation Mapping Program: Stacking analysis with Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv

U. Malik, R. Sharp, A. Penton, Z. Yu, P. Martini, B. E. Tucker, T. M. Davis, G. F. Lewis, C. Lidman, M. Aguena, O. Alves, J. Annis, J. Asorey, D. Bacon, D. Brooks, A. Carnero Rosell, J. Carretero, T. Y. Cheng, L. N. Da Costa, M. E.S. PereiraJ. De Vicente, P. Doel, I. Ferrero, J. Frieman, G. Giannini, D. Gruen, R. A. Gruendl, S. R. Hinton, D. L. Hollowood, D. J. James, K. Kuehn, J. L. Marshall, J. Mena-Fernández, F. Menanteau, R. Miquel, R. L.C. Ogando, A. Palmese, A. Pieres, A. A. Plazas Malagón, K. Reil, A. K. Romer, E. Sanchez, M. Schubnell, M. Smith, E. Suchyta, M. E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, C. To, N. Weaverdyck, P. Wiseman

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Abstract

Reverberation mapping is the leading technique used to measure direct black hole masses outside of the local Universe. Additionally, reverberation measurements calibrate secondary mass-scaling relations used to estimate single-epoch virial black hole masses. The Australian Dark Energy Survey (OzDES) conducted one of the first multi-object reverberation mapping surveys, monitoring 735 AGN up to z ∼4, over 6 years. The limited temporal coverage of the OzDES data has hindered recovery of individual measurements for some classes of sources, particularly those with shorter reverberation lags or lags that fall within campaign season gaps. To alleviate this limitation, we perform a stacking analysis of the cross-correlation functions of sources with similar intrinsic properties to recover average composite reverberation lags. This analysis leads to the recovery of average lags in each redshift-luminosity bin across our sample. We present the average lags recovered for the Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv samples, as well as multiline measurements for redshift bins where two lines are accessible. The stacking analysis is consistent with the Radius-Luminosity relations for each line. Our results for the Hβ sample demonstrate that stacking has the potential to improve upon constraints on the R-L relation, which have been derived only from individual source measurements until now.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	163-182
Number of pages	20
Journal	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume	531
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae1154
State	Published - Jun 1 2024

Funding

This paper has gone through internal review by the DES collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Funda\u00E7\u00E3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00E0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00EDfico e Tecnol\u00F3gico, and the Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00E7\u00E3o, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. We thank the anonymous referee for their comments that improved the paper. UM and AP are supported by the Australian Go v ernment Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship. PM and ZY are supported in part by the United States National Science Foundation under Grant No. 161553 to PM. PM also acknowledges support from the United States Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics under Award Number DE-SC-0011726. TMD is supported by an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship (project number FL180100168). We acknowledge parts of this research were carried out on the traditional lands of the Ngunnawal and Ngambri peoples. This work makes use of data acquired at the Anglo-Australian Telescope, under program A/2013B/012. We acknowledge the Gamilaraay people as the traditional owners of the land on which the AAT stands. We pay our respects to their elders past and present. This analysis used NumPy (Harris et al. 2020 ), Astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013 , 2018 ), and SciPy (Virtanen et al. 2020 ). Plots were made using Matplotlib (Hunter 2007 ). This work has made use of the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Services. This paper has gone through internal re vie w by the DES collab- oration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Fi- nanciadora de Estudos e Projetos, Funda c ao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo `a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient fico e Tecnol ogico, and the Minist erio da Ci encia, Tecnologia e Inova c ao, the Deutsche Forschungsgemein- schaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Surv e y. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cam- bridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energ eticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol ogicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgen ossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Z urich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, the Institut de Ci `encies de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de F sica d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universit at M unchen and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michi- gan, NSF's NOIRLab, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Uni versity, the Uni versity of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory at NSF's NOIRLab (NOIRLab Prop. ID 2012B-0001; PI: J. Frieman), which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the Na- tional Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grants ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016- 0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council un- der the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007- 2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ci encia e Tecnologia Midas (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grants ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00EAncia e Tecnologia Midas (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). We thank the anonymous referee for their comments that improved the paper. UM and AP are supported by the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship. PM and ZY are supported in part by the United States National Science Foundation under Grant No. 161553 to PM. PM also acknowledges support from the United States Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics under Award Number DE-SC-0011726. TMD is supported by an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship (project number FL180100168). This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory at NSF\u2019s NOIRLab (NOIRLab Prop. ID 2012B-0001; PI: J. Frieman), which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.

Funders	Funder number
Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University
Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
University of Nottingham
National Stroke Foundation
Institut de Ci `encies de l'Espai
University of Edinburgh
Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Seventh Framework Programme
Ohio State University
RTP
Institut de F sica d'Altes Energies
Stanford University
University of Chicago
Generalitat de Catalunya
Higher Education Funding Council for England
Minist erio da Ci encia
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Surv e y
Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Midas
Australian Government Research Training Program
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine
Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ci encia e Tecnologia Midas
University of California, Santa Cruz
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
European Commission
Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Fermilab
Seventh Framework Programme
Russian Science Foundation
Centro de Investigaciones Energ eticas
Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient fico e Tecnol ogico
University of Cam
University College London
University of Portsmouth
Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom
Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
Office of Science
National Centre for Supercomputing Applications
European Regional Development Fund
University of Michigan
University of Pennsylvania
Eidgen ossische Technische Hochschule
Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico	465376/2014-2
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
High Energy Physics	DE-SC-0011726
High Energy Physics
National Science Foundation	AST-1138766, 161553, AST-1536171
National Science Foundation
Australian Research Council	FL180100168, 2020
Australian Research Council
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación	SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, MDM-2015-0509, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, ESP2017-89838
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
European Research Council	240672, 306478, 291329
European Research Council
Uni versity of Sussex, Texas A&M University	2012B-0001
Fermi Research Alliance, LLC	DE-AC02-07CH11359

Keywords

galaxies: active
galaxies: nuclei
quasars: emission lines
quasars: general
quasars: supermassive black holes

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10.1093/mnras/stae1154

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Malik, U., Sharp, R., Penton, A., Yu, Z., Martini, P., Tucker, B. E., Davis, T. M., Lewis, G. F., Lidman, C., Aguena, M., Alves, O., Annis, J., Asorey, J., Bacon, D., Brooks, D., Carnero Rosell, A., Carretero, J., Cheng, T. Y., Da Costa, L. N., ... Wiseman, P. (2024). OzDES Reverberation Mapping Program: Stacking analysis with Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 531(1), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae1154

@article{c1b4a690af8b4115b4963e368c2a4b8a,

title = "OzDES Reverberation Mapping Program: Stacking analysis with Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv",

abstract = "Reverberation mapping is the leading technique used to measure direct black hole masses outside of the local Universe. Additionally, reverberation measurements calibrate secondary mass-scaling relations used to estimate single-epoch virial black hole masses. The Australian Dark Energy Survey (OzDES) conducted one of the first multi-object reverberation mapping surveys, monitoring 735 AGN up to z ∼4, over 6 years. The limited temporal coverage of the OzDES data has hindered recovery of individual measurements for some classes of sources, particularly those with shorter reverberation lags or lags that fall within campaign season gaps. To alleviate this limitation, we perform a stacking analysis of the cross-correlation functions of sources with similar intrinsic properties to recover average composite reverberation lags. This analysis leads to the recovery of average lags in each redshift-luminosity bin across our sample. We present the average lags recovered for the Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv samples, as well as multiline measurements for redshift bins where two lines are accessible. The stacking analysis is consistent with the Radius-Luminosity relations for each line. Our results for the Hβ sample demonstrate that stacking has the potential to improve upon constraints on the R-L relation, which have been derived only from individual source measurements until now.",

keywords = "galaxies: active, galaxies: nuclei, quasars: emission lines, quasars: general, quasars: supermassive black holes",

author = "U. Malik and R. Sharp and A. Penton and Z. Yu and P. Martini and Tucker, {B. E.} and Davis, {T. M.} and Lewis, {G. F.} and C. Lidman and M. Aguena and O. Alves and J. Annis and J. Asorey and D. Bacon and D. Brooks and {Carnero Rosell}, A. and J. Carretero and Cheng, {T. Y.} and {Da Costa}, {L. N.} and Pereira, {M. E.S.} and {De Vicente}, J. and P. Doel and I. Ferrero and J. Frieman and G. Giannini and D. Gruen and Gruendl, {R. A.} and Hinton, {S. R.} and Hollowood, {D. L.} and James, {D. J.} and K. Kuehn and Marshall, {J. L.} and J. Mena-Fern{\'a}ndez and F. Menanteau and R. Miquel and Ogando, {R. L.C.} and A. Palmese and A. Pieres and {Plazas Malag{\'o}n}, {A. A.} and K. Reil and Romer, {A. K.} and E. Sanchez and M. Schubnell and M. Smith and E. Suchyta and Swanson, {M. E.C.} and G. Tarle and C. To and N. Weaverdyck and P. Wiseman",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.",

year = "2024",

month = jun,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1093/mnras/stae1154",

language = "English",

volume = "531",

pages = "163--182",

journal = "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",

issn = "0035-8711",

publisher = "Oxford University Press",

number = "1",

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Malik, U, Sharp, R, Penton, A, Yu, Z, Martini, P, Tucker, BE, Davis, TM, Lewis, GF, Lidman, C, Aguena, M, Alves, O, Annis, J, Asorey, J, Bacon, D, Brooks, D, Carnero Rosell, A, Carretero, J, Cheng, TY, Da Costa, LN, Pereira, MES, De Vicente, J, Doel, P, Ferrero, I, Frieman, J, Giannini, G, Gruen, D, Gruendl, RA, Hinton, SR, Hollowood, DL, James, DJ, Kuehn, K, Marshall, JL, Mena-Fernández, J, Menanteau, F, Miquel, R, Ogando, RLC, Palmese, A, Pieres, A, Plazas Malagón, AA, Reil, K, Romer, AK, Sanchez, E, Schubnell, M, Smith, M, Suchyta, E, Swanson, MEC, Tarle, G, To, C, Weaverdyck, N & Wiseman, P 2024, 'OzDES Reverberation Mapping Program: Stacking analysis with Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 531, no. 1, pp. 163-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae1154

TY - JOUR

T1 - OzDES Reverberation Mapping Program

T2 - Stacking analysis with Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv

AU - Malik, U.

AU - Sharp, R.

AU - Penton, A.

AU - Yu, Z.

AU - Martini, P.

AU - Tucker, B. E.

AU - Davis, T. M.

AU - Lewis, G. F.

AU - Lidman, C.

AU - Aguena, M.

AU - Alves, O.

AU - Annis, J.

AU - Asorey, J.

AU - Bacon, D.

AU - Brooks, D.

AU - Carnero Rosell, A.

AU - Carretero, J.

AU - Cheng, T. Y.

AU - Da Costa, L. N.

AU - Pereira, M. E.S.

AU - De Vicente, J.

AU - Doel, P.

AU - Ferrero, I.

AU - Frieman, J.

AU - Giannini, G.

AU - Gruen, D.

AU - Gruendl, R. A.

AU - Hinton, S. R.

AU - Hollowood, D. L.

AU - James, D. J.

AU - Kuehn, K.

AU - Marshall, J. L.

AU - Mena-Fernández, J.

AU - Menanteau, F.

AU - Miquel, R.

AU - Ogando, R. L.C.

AU - Palmese, A.

AU - Pieres, A.

AU - Plazas Malagón, A. A.

AU - Reil, K.

AU - Romer, A. K.

AU - Sanchez, E.

AU - Schubnell, M.

AU - Smith, M.

AU - Suchyta, E.

AU - Swanson, M. E.C.

AU - Tarle, G.

AU - To, C.

AU - Weaverdyck, N.

AU - Wiseman, P.

PY - 2024/6/1

Y1 - 2024/6/1

N2 - Reverberation mapping is the leading technique used to measure direct black hole masses outside of the local Universe. Additionally, reverberation measurements calibrate secondary mass-scaling relations used to estimate single-epoch virial black hole masses. The Australian Dark Energy Survey (OzDES) conducted one of the first multi-object reverberation mapping surveys, monitoring 735 AGN up to z ∼4, over 6 years. The limited temporal coverage of the OzDES data has hindered recovery of individual measurements for some classes of sources, particularly those with shorter reverberation lags or lags that fall within campaign season gaps. To alleviate this limitation, we perform a stacking analysis of the cross-correlation functions of sources with similar intrinsic properties to recover average composite reverberation lags. This analysis leads to the recovery of average lags in each redshift-luminosity bin across our sample. We present the average lags recovered for the Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv samples, as well as multiline measurements for redshift bins where two lines are accessible. The stacking analysis is consistent with the Radius-Luminosity relations for each line. Our results for the Hβ sample demonstrate that stacking has the potential to improve upon constraints on the R-L relation, which have been derived only from individual source measurements until now.

AB - Reverberation mapping is the leading technique used to measure direct black hole masses outside of the local Universe. Additionally, reverberation measurements calibrate secondary mass-scaling relations used to estimate single-epoch virial black hole masses. The Australian Dark Energy Survey (OzDES) conducted one of the first multi-object reverberation mapping surveys, monitoring 735 AGN up to z ∼4, over 6 years. The limited temporal coverage of the OzDES data has hindered recovery of individual measurements for some classes of sources, particularly those with shorter reverberation lags or lags that fall within campaign season gaps. To alleviate this limitation, we perform a stacking analysis of the cross-correlation functions of sources with similar intrinsic properties to recover average composite reverberation lags. This analysis leads to the recovery of average lags in each redshift-luminosity bin across our sample. We present the average lags recovered for the Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv samples, as well as multiline measurements for redshift bins where two lines are accessible. The stacking analysis is consistent with the Radius-Luminosity relations for each line. Our results for the Hβ sample demonstrate that stacking has the potential to improve upon constraints on the R-L relation, which have been derived only from individual source measurements until now.

KW - galaxies: active

KW - galaxies: nuclei

KW - quasars: emission lines

KW - quasars: general

KW - quasars: supermassive black holes

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85194239980&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1093/mnras/stae1154

DO - 10.1093/mnras/stae1154

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85194239980

SN - 0035-8711

VL - 531

SP - 163

EP - 182

JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

IS - 1

ER -

OzDES Reverberation Mapping Program: Stacking analysis with Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv

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