Options for low-global-warming-potential and natural refrigerants part I: Constrains of the shape of the P–T and T–S saturation phase boundaries

Moonis R. Ally; Vishaldeep Sharma; Kashif Nawaz

doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.05.010

Options for low-global-warming-potential and natural refrigerants part I: Constrains of the shape of the P–T and T–S saturation phase boundaries

Moonis R. Ally, Vishaldeep Sharma, Kashif Nawaz

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17 Scopus citations

Abstract

Current research focus is migrating toward low-global-warming-potential (GWP) and natural refrigerants to address the human impact on climate change. In this paper, we examine 13 refrigerants from the perspective of the characteristic shape of their respective temperature–entropy (T–S) and the logarithm of the pressure versus inverse absolute temperature (log P vs. T^–1) saturated phase boundary. Such analyses explain why certain refrigerants possess a re-entrant characteristic while others do not. The re-entrant region is due to skewness of the saturation boundary. The cause of skewness is investigated for its importance in heat pump performance, design, and configuration. Re-entrant behavior contributes to premature mechanical wear of compressor components. Knowledge of the properties of the phase boundary on either side of the critical point, is useful for a better perspective on discriminating refrigerants, as hydrochlorofluorocarbons are phased out and replacement refrigerants must be found. We conclude by identifying a candidate low-GWP refrigerant for heat pumps. In Part II, we evaluate all 13 refrigerants in thermodynamic cycles based on exergy analysis to identify sources of irreversibility, the root cause of systemic inefficiency.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	144-152
Number of pages	9
Journal	International Journal of Refrigeration
Volume	106
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.05.010
State	Published - Oct 2019

Funding

Notice: This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). Notice: This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). The authors are grateful to Dr. Ayyoub Momen and Dr. Brian Fricke at Oak Ridge National Laboratory who provided useful comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper. We are grateful to the U.S Department of Energy, Building Technologies Office, for supporting this work. Modeling of heat pump cycles was accomplished using the EES software Professional V10097-3D. Spreadsheet calculations were done in Microsoft Excel 2010. Data for the phase boundaries were obtained using REFPROP version 9.1. Notice: This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). The authors are grateful to Dr. Ayyoub Momen and Dr. Brian Fricke at Oak Ridge National Laboratory who provided useful comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper. We are grateful to the U.S Department of Energy, Building Technologies Office, for supporting this work. Modeling of heat pump cycles was accomplished using the EES software Professional V10097-3D. Spreadsheet calculations were done in Microsoft Excel 2010. Data for the phase boundaries were obtained using REFPROP version 9.1.

Keywords

Alternate refrigerants
Heat pumps
Low GWP
VLE

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10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.05.010

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title = "Options for low-global-warming-potential and natural refrigerants part I: Constrains of the shape of the P–T and T–S saturation phase boundaries",

abstract = "Current research focus is migrating toward low-global-warming-potential (GWP) and natural refrigerants to address the human impact on climate change. In this paper, we examine 13 refrigerants from the perspective of the characteristic shape of their respective temperature–entropy (T–S) and the logarithm of the pressure versus inverse absolute temperature (log P vs. T–1) saturated phase boundary. Such analyses explain why certain refrigerants possess a re-entrant characteristic while others do not. The re-entrant region is due to skewness of the saturation boundary. The cause of skewness is investigated for its importance in heat pump performance, design, and configuration. Re-entrant behavior contributes to premature mechanical wear of compressor components. Knowledge of the properties of the phase boundary on either side of the critical point, is useful for a better perspective on discriminating refrigerants, as hydrochlorofluorocarbons are phased out and replacement refrigerants must be found. We conclude by identifying a candidate low-GWP refrigerant for heat pumps. In Part II, we evaluate all 13 refrigerants in thermodynamic cycles based on exergy analysis to identify sources of irreversibility, the root cause of systemic inefficiency.",

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Options for low-global-warming-potential and natural refrigerants part I: Constrains of the shape of the P–T and T–S saturation phase boundaries

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