Optimal sizing of battery energy storage systems for small modular reactor based microgrids

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are increasingly deployed in microgrids due to their benefits in improving system reliability and reducing operational costs. Meanwhile, advanced small modular reactors (SMRs) offer many advantages, including relatively small physical footprints, reduced capital investment, and the ability to be sited in locations not possible for larger nuclear plants. In this paper, we propose a bi-level operational planning model that enables microgrid planners to determine the optimal BESS size and technology while taking into account the optimal long-term (a yearly simulation with a 15-min resolution) operations of a microgrid with SMRs and wind turbines. Case studies are performed using realistic BESS and grid data for two BESS technologies, i.e., Li-Ion battery and compressed air energy storage. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed bi-level model. The pros and cons of the two BESS technologies are also revealed.