Abstract
Demand response and energy storage play a profound role in the smart grid. The focus of this paper is to evaluate benefits of coordinating flexible loads and energy storage to provide power grid and end user services. We present a generalized battery model (GBM) to describe the flexibility of building loads and energy storage. An optimization-based approach is proposed to characterize the parameters (power and energy limits) of the GBM for flexible building loads. We then develop optimal coordination algorithms to provide power grid and end user services such as energy arbitrage, frequency regulation, spinning reserve, as well as energy cost and demand charge reduction. Several case studies have been performed to demonstrate the efficacy of the GBM and coordination algorithms, and evaluate the benefits of using their flexibility for power grid and end user services. We show that optimal coordination yields significant cost savings and revenue. Moreover, the best option for power grid services is to provide energy arbitrage and frequency regulation. Furthermore, when coordinating flexible loads with energy storage to provide end user services, it is recommended to consider demand charge in addition to time-of-use price in order to flatten the aggregate power profile.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 7822972 |
| Pages (from-to) | 4335-4345 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| Journal | IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid |
| Volume | 9 |
| Issue number | 5 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 2018 |
Funding
Manuscript received June 24, 2016; revised September 28, 2016 and December 1, 2016; accepted January 14, 2017. Date of publication January 18, 2017; date of current version August 21, 2018. This work was supported in part by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and in part by the GMLC Virtual Batteries Project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. Paper no. TSG-00846-2016. (Corresponding author: Di Wu.) H. Hao, D. Wu, and J. Lian are with the Electricity Infrastructure and Buildings Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354 USA (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]).
Keywords
- Demand response
- energy storage
- flexibility evaluation
- generalized battery model
- grid and end user services
- HVAC systems
- optimal coordination