Abstract
Residual stresses affect the performance and reliability of most manufactured goods and are prevalent in casting, welding, and additive manufacturing (AM, 3D printing). Residual stresses are associated with plastic strain gradients accrued due to transient thermal stress. Complex thermal conditions in AM produce similarly complex residual stress patterns. However, measuring real-time effects of processing on stress evolution is not possible with conventional techniques. Here we use operando neutron diffraction to characterize transient phase transformations and lattice strain evolution during AM of a low-temperature transformation steel. Combining diffraction, infrared and simulation data reveals that elastic and plastic strain distributions are controlled by motion of the face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic phase boundary. Our results provide a new pathway to design residual stress states and property distributions within additively manufactured components. These findings will enable control of residual stress distributions for advantages such as improved fatigue life or resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 4950 |
| Journal | Nature Communications |
| Volume | 14 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Dec 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2023, Springer Nature Limited.
Funding
The authors would like to thank Badri Narayanan from Lincoln Electric for providing the LTT feedstock material and Daniel Rogge from Tormach for support in integrating and commissioning the system. Tony Schmitz advised on the construction of the operando AM system, and Justin West provided preliminary mechanical design. OpenMIND Technologies and Roboris SRL also provided software support. This research was sponsored by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy. A portion of this research used resources both at the Spallation Neutron Source and the High Flux Isotope Reactor, DOE Office of Science User Facilities operated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The authors would like to thank Badri Narayanan from Lincoln Electric for providing the LTT feedstock material and Daniel Rogge from Tormach for support in integrating and commissioning the system. Tony Schmitz advised on the construction of the operando AM system, and Justin West provided preliminary mechanical design. OpenMIND Technologies and Roboris SRL also provided software support. This research was sponsored by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy. A portion of this research used resources both at the Spallation Neutron Source and the High Flux Isotope Reactor, DOE Office of Science User Facilities operated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| U.S. Department of Energy | |
| Office of Science | |
| Oak Ridge National Laboratory |
