TY - GEN
T1 - NMIS with imaging and gamma ray spectrometry for Pu, HEU, HE, chemical agents, and drugs
AU - Mullens, J. A.
AU - Hausladen, P. A.
AU - Archer, D. E.
AU - Wright, M. C.
AU - Mihalczo, J. T.
PY - 2009
Y1 - 2009
N2 - The concept for this system is a Nuclear Materials Identification System (NMIS) time-dependent coincidence system that incorporates transmission tomographic imaging and gamma ray spectrometry and utilizes a small, lightweight (30 lbs), portable DT neutron (14.1 MeV) generator (5 - 107 neutrons/second)2, proton recoil scintillation detectors, a gamma ray detector (HPGe) with multichannel analyzer, and a fast (1GHz) time correlation processor. The proton recoil scintillators are 24 small 2.5x2.5x15.2-cm.-thick plastic scintillators for imaging and two 2x2 arrays of 25x25x8-cm.-thick liquid scintillators with online digital pulse shape discrimination to distinguish neutrons from gamma rays. A computer controlled scanner moves the small detectors and the source appropriately for scanning a target object for imaging. The system is based on detection of transmitted 14.1 MeV neutrons, fission neutrons and gamma rays from spontaneous inherent source fission of the target, fission neutrons and gamma rays induced by the external DT source, gamma ray from natural emissions of uranium and Pu, and induced gamma ray emission by the interaction of the 14.1 MeV neutrons from the DT source. This system is uniquely suited for detection of shielded highly enriched uranium (HEU), plutonium, and other special nuclear materials, and detection of high explosives (HE), chemical agents, and in some cases, drugs3. It will be adapted to utilize a trusted processor that incorporates information barrier and authentication techniques using open software and then be useful in some international applications for materials whose characteristics may be classified. The proposed information barrier version of the NMIS system would consist of detectors and cables, the red (classified side) system which processes the data, and the black (unclassified side) computer which handles the computer interface. The system could use the "IB wrapper" concept proposed by LANL and the software integrity (digital signatures) system proposed by Sandia. Since it is based entirely on commercially available components, the entire system, including the NMIS data acquisition boards, can be built with commercial off the shelf components. This system will incorporate the Portable Isotopic Neutron Spectrometer technology of A. J. Caffrey of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory for HE4, chemical agents4, and drug detection. The system hardware and software can be configured to obtain the following: Pu presence, Pu mass, Pu 240/239 ratio, Pu geometry, Pu metal vs. non-metallic compound (absence of metal), time (age) since processing for Pu (or last purification), U presence, U mass, U enrichment, U geometry, U metal vs. non-metallic compound (absence of metal), high explosives, chemical weapons, and, in some cases, drugs. A matrix of the quantities determined, the method of determination, whether active (external neutron source) or passive, and the measurement equipment involved is given in the following table. Some of these attributes can be obtained by multiple data analysis methods. The gamma-ray spectrometry methods for Pu, HE, and drugs have been developed by other laboratories, are well-known and will be incorporated. In addition, the imaging capability allows warhead authentication and traceability of weapons parts and weapons components through dismantlement and can be used to verify the destruction or change in form of special nuclear material, HE, and other essential non-fissile components. The imaging data will provide geometric configurations for GADRAS-like codes5. Imaging and GADRAS complement each other for material determinations since both gamma-ray spectrometry interpretations and neutron transmission depend upon materials and configuration. In addition, the data imaging measurements and MCNP-PoliMi calculations of the NMIS time correlation signatures can be used to obtain fissile shape and mass without calibration. Very good initial estimates of the configuration of materials from imaging can be provided to both these codes for further refined analyses. The system will be modularly constructed with the RF shielded modules connected to the processor by appropriate control and signal cables in metal conduit. The system hardware and software modules may also be configured to estimate a selected subset of these attributes. In addition, signatures for fissile material can be used for template matching such as has been implemented for confirmation of inventories and receipts for weapons components at the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge since 1996. Y-12 personnel were trained and have been operating three NMIS systems at the Y-12 complex. This system has the advantage of combining multiple technologies into a single system for a variety of applications and thus is cost effective.
AB - The concept for this system is a Nuclear Materials Identification System (NMIS) time-dependent coincidence system that incorporates transmission tomographic imaging and gamma ray spectrometry and utilizes a small, lightweight (30 lbs), portable DT neutron (14.1 MeV) generator (5 - 107 neutrons/second)2, proton recoil scintillation detectors, a gamma ray detector (HPGe) with multichannel analyzer, and a fast (1GHz) time correlation processor. The proton recoil scintillators are 24 small 2.5x2.5x15.2-cm.-thick plastic scintillators for imaging and two 2x2 arrays of 25x25x8-cm.-thick liquid scintillators with online digital pulse shape discrimination to distinguish neutrons from gamma rays. A computer controlled scanner moves the small detectors and the source appropriately for scanning a target object for imaging. The system is based on detection of transmitted 14.1 MeV neutrons, fission neutrons and gamma rays from spontaneous inherent source fission of the target, fission neutrons and gamma rays induced by the external DT source, gamma ray from natural emissions of uranium and Pu, and induced gamma ray emission by the interaction of the 14.1 MeV neutrons from the DT source. This system is uniquely suited for detection of shielded highly enriched uranium (HEU), plutonium, and other special nuclear materials, and detection of high explosives (HE), chemical agents, and in some cases, drugs3. It will be adapted to utilize a trusted processor that incorporates information barrier and authentication techniques using open software and then be useful in some international applications for materials whose characteristics may be classified. The proposed information barrier version of the NMIS system would consist of detectors and cables, the red (classified side) system which processes the data, and the black (unclassified side) computer which handles the computer interface. The system could use the "IB wrapper" concept proposed by LANL and the software integrity (digital signatures) system proposed by Sandia. Since it is based entirely on commercially available components, the entire system, including the NMIS data acquisition boards, can be built with commercial off the shelf components. This system will incorporate the Portable Isotopic Neutron Spectrometer technology of A. J. Caffrey of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory for HE4, chemical agents4, and drug detection. The system hardware and software can be configured to obtain the following: Pu presence, Pu mass, Pu 240/239 ratio, Pu geometry, Pu metal vs. non-metallic compound (absence of metal), time (age) since processing for Pu (or last purification), U presence, U mass, U enrichment, U geometry, U metal vs. non-metallic compound (absence of metal), high explosives, chemical weapons, and, in some cases, drugs. A matrix of the quantities determined, the method of determination, whether active (external neutron source) or passive, and the measurement equipment involved is given in the following table. Some of these attributes can be obtained by multiple data analysis methods. The gamma-ray spectrometry methods for Pu, HE, and drugs have been developed by other laboratories, are well-known and will be incorporated. In addition, the imaging capability allows warhead authentication and traceability of weapons parts and weapons components through dismantlement and can be used to verify the destruction or change in form of special nuclear material, HE, and other essential non-fissile components. The imaging data will provide geometric configurations for GADRAS-like codes5. Imaging and GADRAS complement each other for material determinations since both gamma-ray spectrometry interpretations and neutron transmission depend upon materials and configuration. In addition, the data imaging measurements and MCNP-PoliMi calculations of the NMIS time correlation signatures can be used to obtain fissile shape and mass without calibration. Very good initial estimates of the configuration of materials from imaging can be provided to both these codes for further refined analyses. The system will be modularly constructed with the RF shielded modules connected to the processor by appropriate control and signal cables in metal conduit. The system hardware and software modules may also be configured to estimate a selected subset of these attributes. In addition, signatures for fissile material can be used for template matching such as has been implemented for confirmation of inventories and receipts for weapons components at the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge since 1996. Y-12 personnel were trained and have been operating three NMIS systems at the Y-12 complex. This system has the advantage of combining multiple technologies into a single system for a variety of applications and thus is cost effective.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77952036716&partnerID=8YFLogxK
M3 - Conference contribution
AN - SCOPUS:77952036716
SN - 9781615676958
T3 - 6th American Nuclear Society International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control, and Human-Machine Interface Technologies 2009
SP - 1085
EP - 1089
BT - 6th American Nuclear Society International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control, and Human-Machine Interface Technologies 2009
T2 - 6th American Nuclear Society International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, Control, and Human-Machine Interface Technologies 2009
Y2 - 5 April 2009 through 9 April 2009
ER -