New approach to incorporating the impacts of non-hydrostatic perturbations in atmospheric models

How to properly consider the impacts of non-hydrostatic perturbations is one of the challenging issues in developing non-hydrostatic dynamics solvers (NHDSs) for high-resolution atmospheric models. To overcome the drawbacks of current approaches to tackling this issue, this study analyzed the differences between hydrostatic dynamics solvers (HDSs) and their non-hydrostatic counterparts. The analysis then motivated a flexible approach to adjusting existing hydrostatic atmospheric models, especially those adopted in climate simulations for the impacts of non-hydrostatic perturbations. In this approach, the impacts of non-hydrostatic perturbations, reflecting the differences between HDSs and NHDSs, were encapsulated into a single term in the vertical momentum equation for the atmosphere. At each time step, this term was estimated by a separate sub-model, and then it was used to adjust the dynamics of the atmosphere. The adjustment was optional, and could be turned on and off flexibly by utilizing different initial conditions. The approach was illustrated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model as an example, and was preliminarily validated by running the 3D baroclinic-wave test case in the model. Results showed that the modified dynamics solver produced simulation results that were very close to those given by the standard NHDS in the WRF model, implying that the approach was basically effective in capturing the non-hydrostatic features of the atmosphere.