Abstract
Charge transport in electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (EGOFETs) is governed by the microstructural property of the semiconducting thin film that is in direct contact with the electrolyte. Therefore, a comprehensive nanoscale operando characterization of the active channel is crucial to pinpoint various charge transport bottlenecks for rational and targeted optimization of the devices. Here, the local electrical properties of EGOFETs are systematically probed by in-liquid scanning dielectric microscopy (in-liquid SDM) and a direct picture of their functional mechanism at the nanoscale is provided across all operational regimes, starting from subthreshold, linear to saturation, until the onset of pinch-off. To this end, a robust interpretation framework of in-liquid SDM is introduced that enables quantitative local electric potential mapping directly from raw experimental data without requiring calibration or numerical simulations. Based on this development, a straightforward nanoscale assessment of various charge transport bottlenecks is performed, like contact access resistances, inter- and intradomain charge transport, microstructural inhomogeneities, and conduction anisotropy, which have been inaccessible earlier. Present results contribute to the fundamental understanding of charge transport in electrolyte-gated transistors and promote the development of direct structure–property–function relationships to guide future design rules.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 2309767 |
Journal | Advanced Materials |
Volume | 36 |
Issue number | 13 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Mar 28 2024 |
Externally published | Yes |
Funding
This work had received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 81386 (BORGES), from the European Horizon-EIC program under Grant Agreement No. 101046719 (PRINGLE) and by the Spanish Ministerio de Econom\u0131a, Industria y Competitividad, and the EU FEDER, through Grant Nos. PID2019-110210GB-I00 (BIGDATASPM) and PID2019-111682RB-I00 (GENESIS), and the \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D (FUNFUTURE Grant Nos. CEX2019-000917-S and CEX2018-000789-S). The authors also acknowledge support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through Grant No. 2021SGR-00453 and the CERCA Program. G.G. acknowledges support from the ICREA Academia program. S.T. acknowledges the support from Joerg Barner (JPK) regarding automating the AFM operations. The authors would like to thank Prof. T. Cramer for providing the measurement software that allowed the macroscale I\u2013V characterization of the EGOFETs. This work had received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska\u2010Curie Grant Agreement No. 81386 (BORGES), from the European Horizon\u2010EIC program under Grant Agreement No. 101046719 (PRINGLE) and by the Spanish Ministerio de Econom\u0131a, Industria y Competitividad, and the EU FEDER, through Grant Nos. PID2019\u2010110210GB\u2010I00 (BIGDATASPM) and PID2019\u2010111682RB\u2010I00 (GENESIS), and the \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D (FUNFUTURE Grant Nos. CEX2019\u2010000917\u2010S and CEX2018\u2010000789\u2010S). The authors also acknowledge support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through Grant No. 2021SGR\u201000453 and the CERCA Program. G.G. acknowledges support from the ICREA Academia program. S.T. acknowledges the support from Joerg Barner (JPK) regarding automating the AFM operations. The authors would like to thank Prof. T. Cramer for providing the measurement software that allowed the macroscale \u2013 characterization of the EGOFETs. I V
Funders | Funder number |
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H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions | |
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats | |
Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital, Gobierno de España | |
European Regional Development Fund | PID2019‐111682RB‐I00 |
Horizon 2020 | 81386, 101046719 |
Genesis HealthCare System | CEX2018-000789-S, CEX2019-000917-S |
European Horizon-EIC program | 101046719 |
Generalitat de Catalunya | 2021SGR‐00453 |
Keywords
- conduction anisotropy
- conductivity maps
- electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors
- nanoscale
- operando
- operation regimes
- potential maps
- scanning dielectric microscopy