Abstract
Scale formation within horizontal-tube falling-film evaporators is an important issue for thermal desalination, because of the deterioration of heat transfer performance and added maintenance costs. Predicting the fouling process is crucial for desalination plant design, operation, and maintenance. In this paper, a model is developed to predict the crystallization fouling process during seawater falling-film flow over a horizontal tube bundle. The scaling is estimated based on deposition theory, with couple heat transfer including the in-tube steam condensation, conduction through the tube wall and the scale layer, and falling-film evaporation. The spatial and temporal variations of temperature, heat transfer coefficient, and scale thickness are predicted, and the effects of variations in process parameters of steam, feed seawater, and tube properties on the scale thickness, evaporation rate, and heat transfer coefficient for falling-film evaporation are analyzed. Comparisons to existing experimental data show the scaling layer thickness falls in the general range of reported measurements, with a slight overestimation due to neglecting the delay of scaling onset under real conditions. The scale layer thickness increases dramatically as the in-tube steam pressure is increased or the seawater flow rate is decreased. In general, the scaling layer becomes thicker on the lower tubes in the tube bundle, due to the heat and mass transfer of the falling film. The effect of tube material on scaling appears mainly dependent on thermal conductivity; thus, using polymer rather than a stainless steel tube decreases scaling and evaporation rate 96% and 88%, respectively. This work has potential to guide thermal desalination plant design, material selection, and operating parameter optimization.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 121596 |
Journal | International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer |
Volume | 178 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Oct 2021 |
Funding
This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the Solar Energy Technology Office Award Number DE-EE0008392. The authors are grateful to project manager Rajgopal Vijaykumar for guidance.
Funders | Funder number |
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U.S. Department of Energy | |
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy | DE-EE0008392 |
Keywords
- Falling-film evaporation
- In-tube condensation
- Scale formation
- Simulation of heat and mass transfer
- Thermal desalination