Microbubble generation for environmental and industrial separations

Small gas bubbles are used in many environmental and industrial processes for solid-liquid separations or to facilitate heat and mass transfer between phases. Typically, smaller bubbles are preferred in treatment techniques due to both their high surface area-to-volume ratio and their increased bubble density at a fixed flow rate. This study examines some of the factors that affect the size of bubbles produced in the processes of electroflotation, dissolved air flotation, and a relatively new method known as electrostatic spraying. The effect of voltage, current and ionic strength was studied in electroflotation, the effect of pressure was studied in dissolved air flotation and the effect of voltage, capillary dimensions and flow rate was studied in electrostatic spraying. In electroflotation, the flow rate of gas produced increased as a function of voltage and current. Flow rate also increased as the ionic strength of the aqueous medium was increased. However, no clear trends in bubble size the aqueous as a function of these parameters were evident. The bubbles produced in dissolved air flotation showed a decrease in size as saturation pressure was increased; however, the differences were insignificant at high pressures. Bubble size in electrostatic spraying decreased as voltage was increased. Finally, this study compares the three methods of bubble production in terms of average bubble diameter, bubble size distribution and power consumed during production. Dissolved air flotation produced the largest average bubble diameters, while electroflotation produced the smallest average bubble diameters. In terms of bubble size distribution, dissolved air flotation produced the most narrow distribution, electrostatic spraying produced the widest distribution, and electroflotation produced an intermediate distribution. In terms of power consumption, the pilot-scale dissolved air flotation system maximized surface area production, electroflotation produced an intermediate value, and electrostatic spraying of air produced the least surface area as a function of power consumed.