Measurements of density of liquid oxides with an aero-acoustic levitator

Sergey V. Ushakov; Jonas Niessen; Dante G. Quirinale; Robert Prieler; Alexandra Navrotsky; Rainer Telle

doi:10.3390/ma14040822

Measurements of density of liquid oxides with an aero-acoustic levitator

Sergey V. Ushakov, Jonas Niessen, Dante G. Quirinale, Robert Prieler, Alexandra Navrotsky, Rainer Telle

High Temperature

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11 Scopus citations

Abstract

Densities of liquid oxide melts with melting temperatures above 2000^◦C are required to establish mixing models in the liquid state for thermodynamic modeling and advanced additive manufacturing and laser welding of ceramics. Accurate measurements of molten rare earth oxide density were recently reported from experiments with an electrostatic levitator on board the International Space Station. In this work, we present an approach to terrestrial measurements of density and thermal expansion of liquid oxides from high-speed videography using an aero-acoustic levitator with laser heating and machine vision algorithms. The following density values for liquid oxides at melting temperature were obtained: Y₂O₃ 4.6 ± 0.15; Yb₂O₃ 8.4 ± 0.2; Zr_0.9Y_0.1O_1.95 4.7 ± 0.2; Zr_0.95Y_0.05O_1.975 4.9 ± 0.2; HfO₂ 8.2 ± 0.3 g/cm³. The accuracy of density and thermal expansion measurements can be improved by employing backlight illumination, spectropyrometry and a multi-emitter acoustic levitator.

Original language	English
Article number	822
Pages (from-to)	1-13
Number of pages	13
Journal	Materials
Volume	14
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040822
State	Published - Feb 2 2021

Funding

Aerodynamic levitation in a conical nozzle (CNL) [38–41] has been used extensively for oxide melts; however, it has limitations of limited sample visibility and large thermal gradient. The development of an aero-acoustic levitator (AAL) was funded by NSF and NASA and built by Intersonics Inc. in 1990 [42]. In this method, the sample is stabilized above the gas jet by acoustic forces that allow unimpeded access for multi-beam laser heating, pyrometer aiming and video recording. Funding: This research was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation under the award NSF-DMR 1835848 (changed to NSF-DMR 2015852 on funding moved from UC Davis to ASU). Operation of aero-acoustic levitator at RWTH Aachen is funded by German Research Foundation Grants No Te146/37-2 and No GZ/Inst 222/779-1 FUGG AOBJ:544260. This research was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation under the award NSFDMR 1835848 (changed to NSF-DMR 2015852 on funding moved from UC Davis to ASU). Operation of aero-acoustic levitator at RWTH Aachen is funded by German Research Foundation Grants No Te146/37-2 and No GZ/Inst 222/779-1 FUGG AOBJ:544260.

Funders	Funder number
Intersonics Inc.
NSF-DMR
National Science Foundation	NSF-DMR 1835848, 2015852, 1835848
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
University of California, Davis
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft	GZ/Inst 222/779-1 FUGG AOBJ:544260, Te146/37-2

Keywords

Hafnia
Levitation
Melting
Rare earth oxides
Thermodynamics
Zirconia

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This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.3390/ma14040822

Cite this

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abstract = "Densities of liquid oxide melts with melting temperatures above 2000◦C are required to establish mixing models in the liquid state for thermodynamic modeling and advanced additive manufacturing and laser welding of ceramics. Accurate measurements of molten rare earth oxide density were recently reported from experiments with an electrostatic levitator on board the International Space Station. In this work, we present an approach to terrestrial measurements of density and thermal expansion of liquid oxides from high-speed videography using an aero-acoustic levitator with laser heating and machine vision algorithms. The following density values for liquid oxides at melting temperature were obtained: Y2O3 4.6 ± 0.15; Yb2O3 8.4 ± 0.2; Zr0.9Y0.1O1.95 4.7 ± 0.2; Zr0.95Y0.05O1.975 4.9 ± 0.2; HfO2 8.2 ± 0.3 g/cm3. The accuracy of density and thermal expansion measurements can be improved by employing backlight illumination, spectropyrometry and a multi-emitter acoustic levitator.",

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AU - Niessen, Jonas

AU - Quirinale, Dante G.

AU - Prieler, Robert

AU - Navrotsky, Alexandra

AU - Telle, Rainer

PY - 2021/2/2

Y1 - 2021/2/2

N2 - Densities of liquid oxide melts with melting temperatures above 2000◦C are required to establish mixing models in the liquid state for thermodynamic modeling and advanced additive manufacturing and laser welding of ceramics. Accurate measurements of molten rare earth oxide density were recently reported from experiments with an electrostatic levitator on board the International Space Station. In this work, we present an approach to terrestrial measurements of density and thermal expansion of liquid oxides from high-speed videography using an aero-acoustic levitator with laser heating and machine vision algorithms. The following density values for liquid oxides at melting temperature were obtained: Y2O3 4.6 ± 0.15; Yb2O3 8.4 ± 0.2; Zr0.9Y0.1O1.95 4.7 ± 0.2; Zr0.95Y0.05O1.975 4.9 ± 0.2; HfO2 8.2 ± 0.3 g/cm3. The accuracy of density and thermal expansion measurements can be improved by employing backlight illumination, spectropyrometry and a multi-emitter acoustic levitator.

AB - Densities of liquid oxide melts with melting temperatures above 2000◦C are required to establish mixing models in the liquid state for thermodynamic modeling and advanced additive manufacturing and laser welding of ceramics. Accurate measurements of molten rare earth oxide density were recently reported from experiments with an electrostatic levitator on board the International Space Station. In this work, we present an approach to terrestrial measurements of density and thermal expansion of liquid oxides from high-speed videography using an aero-acoustic levitator with laser heating and machine vision algorithms. The following density values for liquid oxides at melting temperature were obtained: Y2O3 4.6 ± 0.15; Yb2O3 8.4 ± 0.2; Zr0.9Y0.1O1.95 4.7 ± 0.2; Zr0.95Y0.05O1.975 4.9 ± 0.2; HfO2 8.2 ± 0.3 g/cm3. The accuracy of density and thermal expansion measurements can be improved by employing backlight illumination, spectropyrometry and a multi-emitter acoustic levitator.

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KW - Melting

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KW - Thermodynamics

KW - Zirconia

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Measurements of density of liquid oxides with an aero-acoustic levitator

Abstract

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Keywords

UN SDGs

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