Localized orientation gradients in additively manufactured stainless steel 316H structures

Selda Nayir; Gerald L. Knapp; Alex Plotkowski; Caleb Massey; John Coleman; Chase Joslin; Fred List; Peeyush Nandwana

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2025.114860

Localized orientation gradients in additively manufactured stainless steel 316H structures

Selda Nayir, Gerald L. Knapp, Alex Plotkowski, Caleb Massey, John Coleman, Chase Joslin, Fred List, Peeyush Nandwana

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The high solidification rates during additive manufacturing cause highly localized thermal and strain gradients. The effect of these gradients on the evolution of local orientation misorientations within a grain is not well understood. In this study, stainless steel 316H parts were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion using three different energy densities: 43, 71, and 135 J/mm³. Electron backscatter diffraction showed that the maximum misorientations of the grains can be up to 25° along the build direction. Misorientation gradients (RM_g) within grains are process-dependent and can change from 0.036°/μm to 0.015°/μm with increased volumetric energy densities. The characterized misorientation gradients are an indication of the level of dislocations and, to an extent, the plastic deformation resulting from the rapid solidification during laser powder bed fusion.

Original language	English
Article number	114860
Journal	Materials Characterization
Volume	223
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2025.114860
State	Published - May 2025

Funding

This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan ( https://www.energy.gov/doe-public-access-plan ). Author thanks and acknowledges Sarah Graham for performing the etching process on the samples and providing training and assistance during the metallography process. Additionally, the author thanks Andres Marquez Rossy and Julio Ortega Rojas for their training and assistance on the microscopes used to perform these tasks. This research was conducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Manufacturing Demonstration Facility under the US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies program, Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies program.

Keywords

316H
Misorientation
Powder bed fusion

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10.1016/j.matchar.2025.114860

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title = "Localized orientation gradients in additively manufactured stainless steel 316H structures",

abstract = "The high solidification rates during additive manufacturing cause highly localized thermal and strain gradients. The effect of these gradients on the evolution of local orientation misorientations within a grain is not well understood. In this study, stainless steel 316H parts were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion using three different energy densities: 43, 71, and 135 J/mm3. Electron backscatter diffraction showed that the maximum misorientations of the grains can be up to 25° along the build direction. Misorientation gradients (RMg) within grains are process-dependent and can change from 0.036°/μm to 0.015°/μm with increased volumetric energy densities. The characterized misorientation gradients are an indication of the level of dislocations and, to an extent, the plastic deformation resulting from the rapid solidification during laser powder bed fusion.",

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T1 - Localized orientation gradients in additively manufactured stainless steel 316H structures

AU - Nayir, Selda

AU - Knapp, Gerald L.

AU - Plotkowski, Alex

AU - Massey, Caleb

AU - Coleman, John

AU - Joslin, Chase

AU - List, Fred

AU - Nandwana, Peeyush

PY - 2025/5

Y1 - 2025/5

N2 - The high solidification rates during additive manufacturing cause highly localized thermal and strain gradients. The effect of these gradients on the evolution of local orientation misorientations within a grain is not well understood. In this study, stainless steel 316H parts were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion using three different energy densities: 43, 71, and 135 J/mm3. Electron backscatter diffraction showed that the maximum misorientations of the grains can be up to 25° along the build direction. Misorientation gradients (RMg) within grains are process-dependent and can change from 0.036°/μm to 0.015°/μm with increased volumetric energy densities. The characterized misorientation gradients are an indication of the level of dislocations and, to an extent, the plastic deformation resulting from the rapid solidification during laser powder bed fusion.

AB - The high solidification rates during additive manufacturing cause highly localized thermal and strain gradients. The effect of these gradients on the evolution of local orientation misorientations within a grain is not well understood. In this study, stainless steel 316H parts were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion using three different energy densities: 43, 71, and 135 J/mm3. Electron backscatter diffraction showed that the maximum misorientations of the grains can be up to 25° along the build direction. Misorientation gradients (RMg) within grains are process-dependent and can change from 0.036°/μm to 0.015°/μm with increased volumetric energy densities. The characterized misorientation gradients are an indication of the level of dislocations and, to an extent, the plastic deformation resulting from the rapid solidification during laser powder bed fusion.

KW - 316H

KW - Misorientation

KW - Powder bed fusion

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DO - 10.1016/j.matchar.2025.114860

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VL - 223

JO - Materials Characterization

JF - Materials Characterization

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Localized orientation gradients in additively manufactured stainless steel 316H structures

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