Local spectroscopy of image-potential-derived states: From single molecules to monolayers of benzene on Cu(111)

Stark-shifted image-potential states were measured with an STM tip for benzene adsorbed on a Cu(111) surface. A single benzene molecule locally shifts the position of the first image state toward the Fermi level by 0.2 eV relative to its position on the clean surface. The energetic position of this molecule-modified state shifts to lower energy with increasing coverage of benzene on the surface. This is attributed to local surface potential changes that are correlated with the lowering of the crystal work function due to adsorption of benzene.