Liquid magnetohydrodynamics - recent progress and future directions for fusion

This paper reports on recent research into magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena applicable to fusion technology. In Europe, experiments on the relative enhancement of heat transfer in liquid metal (LM) flows in ducts with electrically thin or insulated walls show a factor of two increase due to strong shear flow boundary layers when compared to slug flow solutions. This increase has no associated increase in pressure drop. Stronger enhancement is possible with mechanical promoters, but pressure drop increased concomitantly. Electrical turbulence promoters have been shown in theory to aid in heat transfer as well, although preliminary experiments in Europe show no enhancement and a 20% increase in pressure drop. Experiments in Japan show that the maximum enhancement for liquid Lithium occurs for values of the interaction parameter in the N = 10-20 range. Other recent experimental efforts in Europe, Japan and Russia on natural convection in the presence of magnetic field, formation of insulator coatings and modeling of insulator imperfections are also described. In the USA, design and analysis of liquid systems utilizing all-liquid walls have lead to interest in turbulence simulations for heat transfer at free surfaces of both LMs and Flibe. Free surface flows are particularly sensitive to changes in MHD drag since no applied pressure can be used to drive the free surface flow. For this reason, Flibe is considered a prime candidate for liquid walls and is also considered in Japan as the top candidate for Large Helical Device (LHD) breeder blanket. Experimental work with Flibe simulants is currently underway in Japan, and under development in the USA. Analysis of LM flows under liquid wall conditions is being performed in the USA as well. In Russia some further experiments were made for divertor/first wall LM free surface flow, LM heat pipes and porous structures with Li evaporation.