Large-scale applications of real-space multigrid methods to surfaces, nanotubes, and quantum transport

The development and applications of real-space multigrid methods are discussed. Multigrid techniques provide preconditioning and convergence acceleration at all length scales, and therefore lead to particularly efficient algorithms. When using localization regions and optimized, non-orthogonal orbitals, calculations involving over 1000 atoms become practical on massively parallel computers. The applications discussed in this chapter include: (i) dopant incorporation and ordering effects during surface incorporation of boron, which lead to the formation of ordered domains at half-monolayer coverage; (ii) incorporation of Mg into GaN during growth, and in particular the conditions that would lead to maximum p-type doping; (iii) optical fingerprints of surface structures for use in real-time feedback control of growth; and (iv) mechanisms of stress release and quantum transport properties of carbon nanotubes.