Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

F. Rogers; M. Xiao; K. M. Perez; S. Boggs; T. Erjavec; L. Fabris; H. Fuke; C. J. Hailey; M. Kozai; A. Lowell; N. Madden; M. Manghisoni; S. McBride; V. Re; E. Riceputi; N. Saffold; Y. Shimizu

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/14/10/P10009

Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

F. Rogers, M. Xiao, K. M. Perez, S. Boggs, T. Erjavec, L. Fabris, H. Fuke, C. J. Hailey, M. Kozai, A. Lowell, N. Madden, M. Manghisoni, S. McBride, V. Re, E. Riceputi, N. Saffold, Y. Shimizu

Radiation Imaging and Advanced Diagnosti

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

22 Scopus citations

Abstract

The first lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detectors to satisfy the unique geometric, performance, and cost requirements of the General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) experiment have been produced by Shimadzu Corporation. The GAPS Si(Li) detectors will form the first large-area, relatively high-temperature Si(Li) detector system with sensitivity to X-rays to operate at high altitude. These 10 cm-diameter, 2.5 mm-thick, 4- or 8-strip detectors provide the active area, X-ray absorption efficiency, energy resolution, and particle tracking capability necessary for the GAPS exotic-atom particle identification technique. In this paper, the detector performance is validated on the bases of X-ray energy resolution and reconstruction of cosmic minimum ionizing particle (MIP) signals. We use the established noise model for semiconductor detectors to distinguish sources of noise due to the detector from those due to signal processing electronics. We demonstrate that detectors with either 4 strips or 8 strips can provide the required ≤4 keV (FWHM) X-ray energy resolution at flight temperatures of -35 to -45°C, given the proper choice of signal processing electronics. Approximately 1000 8-strip detectors will be used for the first GAPS Antarctic balloon flight, scheduled for late 2021.

Original language	English
Article number	P10009
Journal	Journal of Instrumentation
Volume	14
Issue number	10
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/10/P10009
State	Published - Oct 2019

Funding

We thank SUMCO Corporation and Shimadzu Corporation for their cooperation in detector development. We also thank the GAPS collaboration for their consultation and support. K. Perez receives support from the Heising-Simons Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. F. Rogers is supported through the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. 1122374. M. Kozai is supported by the JSPS KAKENHI under Grant No. JP17K14313. H. Fuke is supported by the JSPS KAKENHI under Grant Nos. JP2670715 and JP17H01136. M. Manghisoni, V. Re, and E. Riceputi are supported by the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI). This work was partially supported by the NASA APRA program through Grant Nos. NNX17AB44G and NNX17AB46G.

Funders	Funder number
SUMCO Corporation
Shimadzu Corporation
National Science Foundation
Directorate for Education and Human Resources	1122374
National Aeronautics and Space Administration	NNX17AB46G, NNX17AB44G
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Heising-Simons Foundation
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science	JP17H01136, JP17K14313, JP2670715
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

Keywords

Balloon instrumentation
Dark Matter detectors (WIMPs, axions, etc.)
Particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors)
X-ray detectors

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Rogers, F., Xiao, M., Perez, K. M., Boggs, S., Erjavec, T., Fabris, L., Fuke, H., Hailey, C. J., Kozai, M., Lowell, A., Madden, N., Manghisoni, M., McBride, S., Re, V., Riceputi, E., Saffold, N., & Shimizu, Y. (2019). Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment. Journal of Instrumentation, 14(10), Article P10009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/10/P10009

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abstract = "The first lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detectors to satisfy the unique geometric, performance, and cost requirements of the General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) experiment have been produced by Shimadzu Corporation. The GAPS Si(Li) detectors will form the first large-area, relatively high-temperature Si(Li) detector system with sensitivity to X-rays to operate at high altitude. These 10 cm-diameter, 2.5 mm-thick, 4- or 8-strip detectors provide the active area, X-ray absorption efficiency, energy resolution, and particle tracking capability necessary for the GAPS exotic-atom particle identification technique. In this paper, the detector performance is validated on the bases of X-ray energy resolution and reconstruction of cosmic minimum ionizing particle (MIP) signals. We use the established noise model for semiconductor detectors to distinguish sources of noise due to the detector from those due to signal processing electronics. We demonstrate that detectors with either 4 strips or 8 strips can provide the required ≤4 keV (FWHM) X-ray energy resolution at flight temperatures of -35 to -45°C, given the proper choice of signal processing electronics. Approximately 1000 8-strip detectors will be used for the first GAPS Antarctic balloon flight, scheduled for late 2021.",

keywords = "Balloon instrumentation, Dark Matter detectors (WIMPs, axions, etc.), Particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors), X-ray detectors",

author = "F. Rogers and M. Xiao and Perez, {K. M.} and S. Boggs and T. Erjavec and L. Fabris and H. Fuke and Hailey, {C. J.} and M. Kozai and A. Lowell and N. Madden and M. Manghisoni and S. McBride and V. Re and E. Riceputi and N. Saffold and Y. Shimizu",

year = "2019",

month = oct,

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Rogers, F, Xiao, M, Perez, KM, Boggs, S, Erjavec, T, Fabris, L, Fuke, H, Hailey, CJ, Kozai, M, Lowell, A, Madden, N, Manghisoni, M, McBride, S, Re, V, Riceputi, E, Saffold, N & Shimizu, Y 2019, 'Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment', Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 14, no. 10, P10009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/10/P10009

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T1 - Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

AU - Rogers, F.

AU - Xiao, M.

AU - Perez, K. M.

AU - Boggs, S.

AU - Erjavec, T.

AU - Fabris, L.

AU - Fuke, H.

AU - Hailey, C. J.

AU - Kozai, M.

AU - Lowell, A.

AU - Madden, N.

AU - Manghisoni, M.

AU - McBride, S.

AU - Re, V.

AU - Riceputi, E.

AU - Saffold, N.

AU - Shimizu, Y.

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AB - The first lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detectors to satisfy the unique geometric, performance, and cost requirements of the General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) experiment have been produced by Shimadzu Corporation. The GAPS Si(Li) detectors will form the first large-area, relatively high-temperature Si(Li) detector system with sensitivity to X-rays to operate at high altitude. These 10 cm-diameter, 2.5 mm-thick, 4- or 8-strip detectors provide the active area, X-ray absorption efficiency, energy resolution, and particle tracking capability necessary for the GAPS exotic-atom particle identification technique. In this paper, the detector performance is validated on the bases of X-ray energy resolution and reconstruction of cosmic minimum ionizing particle (MIP) signals. We use the established noise model for semiconductor detectors to distinguish sources of noise due to the detector from those due to signal processing electronics. We demonstrate that detectors with either 4 strips or 8 strips can provide the required ≤4 keV (FWHM) X-ray energy resolution at flight temperatures of -35 to -45°C, given the proper choice of signal processing electronics. Approximately 1000 8-strip detectors will be used for the first GAPS Antarctic balloon flight, scheduled for late 2021.

KW - Balloon instrumentation

KW - Dark Matter detectors (WIMPs, axions, etc.)

KW - Particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors)

KW - X-ray detectors

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Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

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Keywords

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