Isolation of a californium(II) crown–ether complex

The actinides, from californium to nobelium (Z = 98–102), are known to have an accessible +2 oxidation state. Understanding the origin of this chemical behaviour requires characterizing Cf^II materials, but investigations are hampered by the fact that they have remained difficult to isolate. This partly arises from the intrinsic challenges of manipulating this unstable element, as well as a lack of suitable reductants that do not reduce Cf^III to Cf°. Here we show that a Cf^II crown–ether complex, Cf(18-crown-6)I₂, can be prepared using an Al/Hg amalgam as a reductant. Spectroscopic evidence shows that Cf^III can be quantitatively reduced to Cf^II, and rapid radiolytic re-oxidation in solution yields co-crystallized mixtures of Cf^II and Cf^III complexes without the Al/Hg amalgam. Quantum-chemical calculations show that the Cf‒ligand interactions are highly ionic and that 5f/6d mixing is absent, resulting in weak 5f→5f transitions and an absorption spectrum dominated by 5f→6d transitions. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]