Abstract
This paper delves into the critical materials supply chain of the battery market with an emphasis on long-term energy security. The study recognizes electric vehicle battery packs as reservoirs of “locked reserves” for extended periods, typically 10 years or more. A comprehensive understanding of material flows and end-of-life battery management is essential to establish a sustainable, durable, and secure domestic supply chain for lithium-ion batteries. In addressing these concerns, the paper introduces a metric designed to assess the “per mile” consumption of critical reserves called “Materials Per Gallon-Electric (MPGe)”. The study emphasizes the immediate need for critical materials to meet the accelerated demand for large-scale electric vehicle adoption in the short term. Furthermore, the paper also emphasizes the urgent need to advance recycling technologies to recover the critical mineral reserves “locked” in end-of-life battery packs.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 3780-3789 |
| Number of pages | 10 |
| Journal | ACS Energy Letters |
| Volume | 9 |
| Issue number | 8 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Aug 9 2024 |
Funding
This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, was sponsored by the US Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory and was accomplished under Support Agreement 2371-Z469-22. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory or the U.S. Government. This manuscript has been authored in part by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan ( https://www.energy.gov/doe-public-access-plan ).