Infrared thermometry in high temperature materials processing: influence of liquid water and steam

Artem A. Trofimov; Thomas R. Watkins; Thomas R. Muth; Gary M. Cola; Hsin Wang

doi:10.1080/17686733.2022.2043617

Infrared thermometry in high temperature materials processing: influence of liquid water and steam

Artem A. Trofimov, Thomas R. Watkins, Thomas R. Muth, Gary M. Cola, Hsin Wang

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

6 Scopus citations

Abstract

The capability of four infrared thermometry techniques (2-colour and 1-colour pyrometers, Pyrolaser and IR camera) was evaluated with respect to the impact of water or steam in the line of sight to determine temperature from two heat sources (blackbody calibration source and steel block inside the furnace). The influence of liquid water on the temperature readings was minimal when using 2-colour pyrometry due to comparable absorption coefficients of water for the measured wavelengths. The signals measured using both the Pyrolaser and the 1-colour pyrometer were decreased due to the partial absorption and resulted in an apparent temperature lower than the actual. Water readily absorbed the IR signal in the range of the IR camera operation, resulting in no signal whenever liquid water was present in the line of sight. Steam caused the most deviation and fluctuation of temperature readings for all techniques due to the large level of light scattering in addition to the absorption of the radiant energy. A technique was developed to determine the transmissivity (apparent emissivity) when water or steam is in the line of sight of measurement. An approximate correction to the measurements based on Planck’s law is discussed for both 2-colour and 1-colour pyrometers.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	123-141
Number of pages	19
Journal	Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal
Volume	20
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1080/17686733.2022.2043617
State	Published - 2023

Funding

This work was funded by the U.S. DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s (EERE) Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO). The authors would like to express their appreciation to ORNL colleagues such as Beth Armstrong for allowing access to her equipment to troubleshoot the experiments, Gregory Cox and Daniel Moore for their help in performing the experiments involving the industrial box furnace and Dr. S. Suresh Babu for the valuable discussions on materials processing. The authors also thank Scott Nagle from Process Sensors Corp. and Stefan Buschmann from Sensortherm GmbH for the helpful discussions on the 2-color pyrometer. Research was sponsored by the U. S. DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle LLC. This work was funded by the U.S. DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s (EERE) Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO). The authors would like to express their appreciation to ORNL colleagues such as Beth Armstrong for allowing access to her equipment to troubleshoot the experiments, Gregory Cox and Daniel Moore for their help in performing the experiments involving the industrial box furnace and Dr. S. Suresh Babu for the valuable discussions on materials processing. The authors also thank Scott Nagle from Process Sensors Corp. and Stefan Buschmann from Sensortherm GmbH for the helpful discussions on the 2-color pyrometer.

Funders	Funder number
Process Sensors Corp.
U. S. DOE
U.S. Department of Energy
Advanced Manufacturing Office	DE-AC05-00OR22725
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
UT-Battelle

Keywords

2-colour and 1-colour pyrometry
blackbody
infrared (IR) camera
pyrolaser
water and steam interference

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10.1080/17686733.2022.2043617

Cite this

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title = "Infrared thermometry in high temperature materials processing: influence of liquid water and steam",

abstract = "The capability of four infrared thermometry techniques (2-colour and 1-colour pyrometers, Pyrolaser and IR camera) was evaluated with respect to the impact of water or steam in the line of sight to determine temperature from two heat sources (blackbody calibration source and steel block inside the furnace). The influence of liquid water on the temperature readings was minimal when using 2-colour pyrometry due to comparable absorption coefficients of water for the measured wavelengths. The signals measured using both the Pyrolaser and the 1-colour pyrometer were decreased due to the partial absorption and resulted in an apparent temperature lower than the actual. Water readily absorbed the IR signal in the range of the IR camera operation, resulting in no signal whenever liquid water was present in the line of sight. Steam caused the most deviation and fluctuation of temperature readings for all techniques due to the large level of light scattering in addition to the absorption of the radiant energy. A technique was developed to determine the transmissivity (apparent emissivity) when water or steam is in the line of sight of measurement. An approximate correction to the measurements based on Planck{\textquoteright}s law is discussed for both 2-colour and 1-colour pyrometers.",

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author = "Trofimov, {Artem A.} and Watkins, {Thomas R.} and Muth, {Thomas R.} and Cola, {Gary M.} and Hsin Wang",

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AU - Cola, Gary M.

AU - Wang, Hsin

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023 This material is published by permission of the UT-Battelle, LLC, operated by DOE for the US Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. The US Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up, non-exclusive, and irrevocable worldwide licence in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government.

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N2 - The capability of four infrared thermometry techniques (2-colour and 1-colour pyrometers, Pyrolaser and IR camera) was evaluated with respect to the impact of water or steam in the line of sight to determine temperature from two heat sources (blackbody calibration source and steel block inside the furnace). The influence of liquid water on the temperature readings was minimal when using 2-colour pyrometry due to comparable absorption coefficients of water for the measured wavelengths. The signals measured using both the Pyrolaser and the 1-colour pyrometer were decreased due to the partial absorption and resulted in an apparent temperature lower than the actual. Water readily absorbed the IR signal in the range of the IR camera operation, resulting in no signal whenever liquid water was present in the line of sight. Steam caused the most deviation and fluctuation of temperature readings for all techniques due to the large level of light scattering in addition to the absorption of the radiant energy. A technique was developed to determine the transmissivity (apparent emissivity) when water or steam is in the line of sight of measurement. An approximate correction to the measurements based on Planck’s law is discussed for both 2-colour and 1-colour pyrometers.

AB - The capability of four infrared thermometry techniques (2-colour and 1-colour pyrometers, Pyrolaser and IR camera) was evaluated with respect to the impact of water or steam in the line of sight to determine temperature from two heat sources (blackbody calibration source and steel block inside the furnace). The influence of liquid water on the temperature readings was minimal when using 2-colour pyrometry due to comparable absorption coefficients of water for the measured wavelengths. The signals measured using both the Pyrolaser and the 1-colour pyrometer were decreased due to the partial absorption and resulted in an apparent temperature lower than the actual. Water readily absorbed the IR signal in the range of the IR camera operation, resulting in no signal whenever liquid water was present in the line of sight. Steam caused the most deviation and fluctuation of temperature readings for all techniques due to the large level of light scattering in addition to the absorption of the radiant energy. A technique was developed to determine the transmissivity (apparent emissivity) when water or steam is in the line of sight of measurement. An approximate correction to the measurements based on Planck’s law is discussed for both 2-colour and 1-colour pyrometers.

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Infrared thermometry in high temperature materials processing: influence of liquid water and steam

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