Abstract
Batteries are commonly connected in series and parallel to create modules that fulfill the power and energy requirements of specific applications. However, conclusions about battery performance and degradation under different conditions, as well as predictive models, are often derived from single cell cycling results. In this study, we evaluate the performance of six different series-parallel configurations of commercial lithium nickel manganese cobalt cells over hundreds of cycles. Each cell within the modules was individually instrumented for voltage, current, and temperature monitoring. We quantified the impact of module configuration on overall energy throughput, the voltage spread among series-connected cells, and the current heterogeneity in parallel-connected cells. This module cycling study, one of the broadest reported to date, supports systematic evaluation of the performance trade-offs, pack penalty, and safety implications of different module configurations.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 050540 |
| Journal | Journal of the Electrochemical Society |
| Volume | 172 |
| Issue number | 5 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - May 1 2025 |
Funding
This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity (OE), Energy Storage Division. We thank David Rosewater for reviewing this manuscript. This article has been authored by an employee of National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC under Contract No. DE-NA0003525 with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The employee owns all right, title and interest in and to the article and is solely responsible for its contents. This article has been authored by an employee of Oak Ridge National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this article or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan https://www.energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity (OE), Energy Storage Division. We thank David Rosewater for reviewing this manuscript. This article has been authored by an employee of National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC under Contract No. DE-NA0003525 with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The employee owns all right, title and interest in and to the article and is solely responsible for its contents. This article has been authored by an employee of Oak Ridge National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC05\u201300OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this article or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan https://www.energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan .
Keywords
- batteries - lithium
- battery cycling
- battery degradation
- battery module