Ferroelectric switching of a two-dimensional metal

A ferroelectric is a material with a polar structure whose polarity can be reversed (switched) by applying an electric field^1,2. In metals, itinerant electrons screen electrostatic forces between ions, which explains in part why polar metals are very rare^3–7. Screening also excludes external electric fields, apparently ruling out the possibility of ferroelectric switching. However, in principle, a thin enough polar metal could be sufficiently penetrated by an electric field to have its polarity switched. Here we show that the topological semimetal WTe₂ provides an embodiment of this principle. Although monolayer WTe₂ is centro-symmetric and thus non-polar, the stacked bulk structure is polar. We find that two- or three-layer WTe₂ exhibits spontaneous out-of-plane electric polarization that can be switched using gate electrodes. We directly detect and quantify the polarization using graphene as an electric-field sensor⁸. Moreover, the polarization states can be differentiated by conductivity and the carrier density can be varied to modify the properties. The temperature at which polarization vanishes is above 350 kelvin, and even when WTe₂ is sandwiched between graphene layers it retains its switching capability at room temperature, demonstrating a robustness suitable for applications in combination with other two-dimensional materials^9–12.