Electronic structure of the unique [4Fe-3S] cluster in O ₂-tolerant hydrogenases characterized by ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopy

Iron-sulfur clusters are ubiquitous electron transfer cofactors in hydrogenases. Their types and redox properties are important for H₂ catalysis, but, recently, their role in a protection mechanism against oxidative inactivation has also been recognized for a [4Fe-3S] cluster in O ₂-tolerant group 1 [NiFe] hydrogenases. This cluster, which is uniquely coordinated by six cysteines, is situated in the proximity of the catalytic [NiFe] site and exhibits unusual redox versatility. The [4Fe-3S] cluster in hydrogenase (Hase) I from Aquifex aeolicus performs two redox transitions within a very small potential range, forming a superoxidized state above +200 mV vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). Crystallographic data has revealed that this state is stabilized by the coordination of one of the iron atoms to a backbone nitrogen. Thus, the proximal [4Fe-3S] cluster undergoes redox-dependent changes to serve multiple purposes beyond classical electron transfer. In this paper, we present field-dependent ⁵⁷Fe- Mössbauer and EPR data for Hase I, which, in conjunction with spectroscopically calibrated density functional theory (DFT) calculations, reveal the distribution of Fe valences and spin-coupling schemes for the iron-sulfur clusters. The data demonstrate that the electronic structure of the [4Fe-3S] core in its three oxidation states closely resembles that of corresponding conventional [4Fe-4S] cubanes, albeit with distinct differences for some individual iron sites. The medial and distal iron-sulfur clusters have similar electronic properties as the corresponding cofactors in standard hydrogenases, although their redox potentials are higher.