Abstract
This study assesses the techno-economic viability of city-scale building electrification, comparing a base case scenario with conventional HVAC systems to an electrified scenario with heat pump systems. EnergyPlus simulations reveal a 28% increase in annual electricity consumption in the electrified scenario, shifting the peak consumption from summer to winter with a 49% surge. Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) are then evaluated using HOMER Pro, considering renewable penetration from 0% to 100%. The net present cost (NPC) of the base case and electrified scenarios range from $10.34 to $24.38 billion and $8.79 to $50.31 billion, respectively. Sensitivity analysis explores the impact of carbon tax, fuel price, and renewable subsidies on HRESs in the electrified scenario. Results indicate that applying a carbon tax up to $120/tonne of CO2 increases the optimum renewable fraction from 5% to 26%, while higher fuel prices and renewable subsidies further enhance the feasibility by shifting the optimum renewable fraction to 60% and 54%, respectively, demonstrating the interplay between economic factors and renewable integration in electrified urban contexts.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 131893 |
Journal | Energy |
Volume | 302 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Sep 1 2024 |
Funding
This work is funded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) under the DE-EE0009708 grant, which is affiliated with the DOE Industrial Assessment Centers Program.
Keywords
- Building electrification
- Hybrid optimization
- Hybrid renewable energy systems
- Techno-economic analysis