Abstract
This work examines the thermodynamic consequences of the repeated partial projection model for coupling a quantum system to an arbitrary series of environments under feedback control. This paper provides observational definitions of heat and work that can be realized in current laboratory setups. In contrast to other definitions, it uses only properties of the environment and the measurement outcomes, avoiding references to the "measurement" of the central system's state in any basis. These definitions are consistent with the usual laws of thermodynamics at all temperatures, while never requiring complete projective measurement of the entire system. It is shown that the back action of measurement must be counted as work rather than heat to satisfy the second law. Comparisons are made to quantum jump (unravelling) and transition-probability based definitions, many of which appear as particular limits of the present model. These limits show that our total entropy production is a lower bound on traditional definitions of heat that trace out the measurement device. Examining the master equation approximation to the process at finite measurement rates, we show that most interactions with the environment make the system unable to reach absolute zero. We give an explicit formula for the minimum temperature achievable in repeatedly measured quantum systems. The phenomenon of minimum temperature offers an explanation of recent experiments aimed at testing fluctuation theorems in the quantum realm and places a fundamental purity limit on quantum computers.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 012149 |
Journal | Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics |
Volume | 95 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jan 25 2017 |
Externally published | Yes |
Funding
This work was supported by the University of South Florida Research Foundation and NSF MRI CHE-1531590
Funders | Funder number |
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National Science Foundation | 1531590, MRI CHE-1531590 |
South Carolina Research Foundation, University of South Carolina |