Abstract
Energy storage can reduce peak power consumption from the electricity grid and therefore the cost for fast-charging electric vehicles (EVs). It can also enable EV charging in areas where grid limitations would otherwise preclude it. To address both the need for a fast-charging infrastructure as well as management of end-of-life EV batteries, second-life battery (SLB)-based energy storage is proposed for EV fast-charging systems. The electricity grid-based fast-charging configuration was compared to lithium-ion SLB-based configurations in terms of economic cost and life cycle environmental impact in five U.S. cities. Compared to using new batteries, SLB reduced the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) by 12-41% and the global warming potential (GWP) by 7-77%. Photovoltaics along with SLB reduced the use of grid electricity and provided higher GWP and cumulative energy demand (CED) reduction compared to only using SLB. The LCOE of the SLB-based configurations was sensitive to SLB cost, lifetime, efficiency, and discount rate, whereas the GWP and CED were affected by SLB lifetime, efficiency, and the required enclosure materials. Solar insolation and electricity pricing structures were key in determining the configuration, which was economically and environmentally suitable for a location.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 6878-6887 |
| Number of pages | 10 |
| Journal | Environmental Science and Technology |
| Volume | 54 |
| Issue number | 11 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jun 2 2020 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Funding
The work has been financially supported by Ford Motor Co and the Environmental Science and Policy Program at MSU. The work has been financially supported by Ford Motor Co and the Environmental Science and Policy Program at MSU. We also thank Dr. Eunsang Lee for their assistance in preparing the figures for this paper. While this article is believed to contain the correct information, Ford Motor Company (Ford) does neither expressly or impliedly warrant, nor assume any responsibility, for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe the rights of third parties. Reference to any commercial product or process does not constitute its endorsement. This article does not provide financial, safety, medical, consumer product, or public policy advice or recommendation. Readers should independently replicate all the experiments, calculations, and results. The views and opinions expressed are of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Ford. This disclaimer may not be removed, altered, superseded, or modified without prior Ford permission.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Ford Motor Co | |
| Midwestern State University |
