Distinctive features of structural evolution and thermodynamic response in wide-bandgap semiconductors driven by intense electronic excitation

Radiation-tolerant material selection requires balancing lattice rigidity, defect dynamics, and electronic stability, as shown by covalent SiC outperforming ionic Ga₂O₃ and GaN under extreme environments. Responding to intense electronic excitation, irradiation-driven phase segregation (β → δ/κ in Ga₂O₃) and core–shell track (disordered structure in GaN), accompanied by elemental redistribution, contrastingly, exceptional radiation tolerance manifested by comparatively minimal lattice distortion (0.17 % strain variation) was demonstrated in SiC. These differential responses are primarily attributed to two fundamental mechanisms: (i) thermodynamic driving forces governing defect migration and phase separation, and (ii) the synergistic effects of robust covalent bonding composition coupled with efficient defect recombination processes. The stronger electron–phonon (e-ph) coupling in Ga₂O₃ (4.34 × 10¹⁸ W m⁻³ K⁻¹) and GaN (3.55 × 10¹⁸ W m⁻³ K⁻¹) enhances lattice energy deposition, triggering thermal spikes (ΔT ≫ T_m) and structural transition behaviors, whereas weaker e-ph coupling in SiC (3.69 × 10¹⁸ W m⁻³ K⁻¹), relatively high thermodynamic parameters and efficient energy dissipation suppress thermal spikes to maintaining lattice integrity. The photoresponse degradation driven by enhanced radiative recombination is dominant in N-doped SiC, while V-doped systems achieve defect-mediated photoconduction optimization characterized by abrupt current transitions, matching fluorescence yield evolutions, and directly connecting defect engineering to optoelectronic performance.