Direct ink writing of aqueous-based Gadolinium (III) oxide slurries

Patrick L. Snarr; Corson L. Cramer; Ercan Cakmak; Beth L. Armstrong; James G. Hemrick; Derek A. Haas; Joseph J. Beaman; Christian M. Petrie; Andrew T. Nelson

doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.117381

Direct ink writing of aqueous-based Gadolinium (III) oxide slurries

Patrick L. Snarr, Corson L. Cramer, Ercan Cakmak, Beth L. Armstrong, James G. Hemrick, Derek A. Haas, Joseph J. Beaman, Christian M. Petrie, Andrew T. Nelson

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Gadolinium (III) oxide (gadolinia, Gd₂O₃) has recently been identified as an intriguing material for applications in the medical, solid oxide fuel cell, and nuclear industries. This interest drives the need for developing and understanding manufacturing techniques that can produce dense Gd₂O₃ structures. Direct ink writing (DIW), an extrusion-based additive manufacturing method, has also garnered interest because of its capability to produce dense ceramic parts with increased complexity in an economical manner. In this study, DIW was explored as a manufacturing technique for Gd₂O₃. Experiments were performed to develop Gd₂O₃ bearing inks capable of being processed via DIW. Ink solids loading and sintering temperatures were varied to assess their impact on the final density and microstructure. Optimum sintering conditions are proposed and were experimentally verified at a dwell temperature of 1500°C. Gd₂O₃ samples were successfully manufactured using DIW, achieving densities greater than 96 % of the theoretical density.

Original language	English
Article number	117381
Journal	Journal of the European Ceramic Society
Volume	45
Issue number	11
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.117381
State	Published - Sep 2025

Funding

This manuscript is authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC05–00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy and is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Research and Development (DNN R&D). The authors would like to acknowledge Ben Lamm and Greg Larsen for their technical review of this manuscript. The authors would also like to thank Sarah Graham and Emily Ghezawi for their efforts with as-received powder characterization. This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy / National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number(s) DE-NA0003921.” Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. This manuscript is authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy and is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Research and Development (DNN R&D). The authors would like to acknowledge Ben Lamm and Greg Larsen for their technical review of this manuscript. The authors would also like to thank Sarah Graham and Emily Ghezawi for their efforts with as-received powder characterization. This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy / National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number(s) DE-NA0003921.” Disclaimer: "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

Keywords

Direct ink writing
Gadolinia
Material extrusion
Rheology
Robocasting

Access to Document

10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.117381

Cite this

@article{cbad5e8a6f4b427ab3c8f16b1babbcce,

title = "Direct ink writing of aqueous-based Gadolinium (III) oxide slurries",

abstract = "Gadolinium (III) oxide (gadolinia, Gd2O3) has recently been identified as an intriguing material for applications in the medical, solid oxide fuel cell, and nuclear industries. This interest drives the need for developing and understanding manufacturing techniques that can produce dense Gd2O3 structures. Direct ink writing (DIW), an extrusion-based additive manufacturing method, has also garnered interest because of its capability to produce dense ceramic parts with increased complexity in an economical manner. In this study, DIW was explored as a manufacturing technique for Gd2O3. Experiments were performed to develop Gd2O3 bearing inks capable of being processed via DIW. Ink solids loading and sintering temperatures were varied to assess their impact on the final density and microstructure. Optimum sintering conditions are proposed and were experimentally verified at a dwell temperature of 1500°C. Gd2O3 samples were successfully manufactured using DIW, achieving densities greater than 96 \% of the theoretical density.",

keywords = "Direct ink writing, Gadolinia, Material extrusion, Rheology, Robocasting",

author = "Snarr, \{Patrick L.\} and Cramer, \{Corson L.\} and Ercan Cakmak and Armstrong, \{Beth L.\} and Hemrick, \{James G.\} and Haas, \{Derek A.\} and Beaman, \{Joseph J.\} and Petrie, \{Christian M.\} and Nelson, \{Andrew T.\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 Elsevier Ltd",

year = "2025",

month = sep,

doi = "10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.117381",

language = "English",

volume = "45",

journal = "Journal of the European Ceramic Society",

issn = "0955-2219",

publisher = "Elsevier",

number = "11",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Direct ink writing of aqueous-based Gadolinium (III) oxide slurries

AU - Snarr, Patrick L.

AU - Cramer, Corson L.

AU - Cakmak, Ercan

AU - Armstrong, Beth L.

AU - Hemrick, James G.

AU - Haas, Derek A.

AU - Beaman, Joseph J.

AU - Petrie, Christian M.

AU - Nelson, Andrew T.

PY - 2025/9

Y1 - 2025/9

N2 - Gadolinium (III) oxide (gadolinia, Gd2O3) has recently been identified as an intriguing material for applications in the medical, solid oxide fuel cell, and nuclear industries. This interest drives the need for developing and understanding manufacturing techniques that can produce dense Gd2O3 structures. Direct ink writing (DIW), an extrusion-based additive manufacturing method, has also garnered interest because of its capability to produce dense ceramic parts with increased complexity in an economical manner. In this study, DIW was explored as a manufacturing technique for Gd2O3. Experiments were performed to develop Gd2O3 bearing inks capable of being processed via DIW. Ink solids loading and sintering temperatures were varied to assess their impact on the final density and microstructure. Optimum sintering conditions are proposed and were experimentally verified at a dwell temperature of 1500°C. Gd2O3 samples were successfully manufactured using DIW, achieving densities greater than 96 % of the theoretical density.

AB - Gadolinium (III) oxide (gadolinia, Gd2O3) has recently been identified as an intriguing material for applications in the medical, solid oxide fuel cell, and nuclear industries. This interest drives the need for developing and understanding manufacturing techniques that can produce dense Gd2O3 structures. Direct ink writing (DIW), an extrusion-based additive manufacturing method, has also garnered interest because of its capability to produce dense ceramic parts with increased complexity in an economical manner. In this study, DIW was explored as a manufacturing technique for Gd2O3. Experiments were performed to develop Gd2O3 bearing inks capable of being processed via DIW. Ink solids loading and sintering temperatures were varied to assess their impact on the final density and microstructure. Optimum sintering conditions are proposed and were experimentally verified at a dwell temperature of 1500°C. Gd2O3 samples were successfully manufactured using DIW, achieving densities greater than 96 % of the theoretical density.

KW - Direct ink writing

KW - Gadolinia

KW - Material extrusion

KW - Rheology

KW - Robocasting

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105000624286

U2 - 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.117381

DO - 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.117381

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105000624286

SN - 0955-2219

VL - 45

JO - Journal of the European Ceramic Society

JF - Journal of the European Ceramic Society

IS - 11

M1 - 117381

ER -

Direct ink writing of aqueous-based Gadolinium (III) oxide slurries

Abstract

Funding

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this