Critical review of FDM 3D printing of PLA biocomposites filled with biomass resources, characterization, biodegradability, upcycling and opportunities for biorefineries

Samarthya Bhagia, Kamlesh Bornani, Ruchi Agarwal, Alok Satlewal, Jaroslav Ďurkovič, Rastislav Lagaňa, Meher Bhagia, Chang Geun Yoo, Xianhui Zhao, Vlastimil Kunc, Yunqiao Pu, Soydan Ozcan, Arthur J. Ragauskas

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

200 Scopus citations

Abstract

3D printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an advanced additive manufacturing technology for making thermoplastic-based structures. Several studies have recently investigated 3D printing of polylactic acid (PLA) with biomass resources like cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and whole biomass. Such biodegradable composites are better for the environment and can be used to replace non-biodegradable composites in a variety of applications. Therefore, a deep understanding of printing such biocomposites is needed for supporting such manufacturing. Recent developments focused on FDM printing of PLA filled with biomass resources have been critically reviewed to reveal the intricate aspects of manufacturing of such materials and characterization of the changes caused by biomass-based fillers. Properties of high molecular weight PLA, essentials of printing with PLA and conditions for filament extrusion and printing of biocomposites are discussed. Characterization results from mechanical testing, thermal analysis, viscoelastic properties, imaging and spectroscopy are reviewed for understanding the impact of filling biomass resources in PLA by printing. The latter sections discuss applications, upcycling & recycling and future opportunities for biorefineries.

Original languageEnglish
Article number101078
JournalApplied Materials Today
Volume24
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 2021

Funding

This work was funded by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. JĎ and RL acknowledge a support from the Slovak scientific grant agency VEGA (1/0450/19) and the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-16-0177). RA is thankful to the SERB (Science and Engineering Research Board) and DBT (Department of Biotechnology), Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India for providing the funding (File No : SRG/2020/001306). We thank Halil L. Tekinalp and Manufacturing Demonstration Facility at ORNL for providing the photograph from Design Miami 2016 event. This work was funded by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. JĎ and RL acknowledge a support from the Slovak scientific grant agency VEGA (1/0450/19) and the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-16-0177). RA is thankful to the SERB (Science and Engineering Research Board) and DBT (Department of Biotechnology), Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India for providing the funding (File No : SRG/2020/001306). We thank Halil L. Tekinalp and Manufacturing Demonstration Facility at ORNL for providing the photograph from Design Miami 2016 event.

Keywords

  • 3D printing
  • Additive manufacturing
  • Biodegradation
  • Biomass
  • Cellulose
  • Lignin
  • PLA
  • Recycling
  • Thermoplastics
  • upcycling

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