Consensus-Based Control and Optimization of Power System Inertia

Ajay Pratap Yadav; Mohammed M. Olama; Ali Riza Ekti; Nils M. Stenvig

doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3644796

Consensus-Based Control and Optimization of Power System Inertia

Ajay Pratap Yadav
, Mohammed M. Olama
, Ali Riza Ekti
, Nils M. Stenvig

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar, wind, and energy storage systems, into power grids through inverter-based resources reduces power system inertia, leading to faster frequency dynamics and potential grid instability. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a distributed, consensus-based approach for the real-time control and optimization of inertia sources (synchronous generators and/or DERs) during system disturbances, enhancing both system stability and economic performance. The distributed control and optimization approach assumes each inertia source exchanges information solely with its neighbor ones, making it easily scalable to large power grid networks. The impacts of the communication connectivity among the inertia sources as well as their generation capacity limits on the distributed approach are investigated. We also demonstrate the approach’s robustness in scenarios involving communication time delays and packet losses, validating its effectiveness through numerical simulations on a 4-bus test system and a two-area 8-bus test system.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	212150-212160
Number of pages	11
Journal	IEEE Access
Volume	13
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3644796
State	Published - 2025

Funding

This work was supported by UT–Battelle, LLC with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Electricity (OE), under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The U.S. government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for the U.S. government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (https://www.energy.gov/doe-public-access-plan). This work was supported by UT–Battelle, LLC with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Electricity (OE), under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.

Keywords

Power system inertia
communication constraints
consensus-based control
distributed control
distributed optimization
frequency stability
low-inertia power systems
real-time control
smart grids
swing equation
transient stability

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10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3644796

Cite this

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title = "Consensus-Based Control and Optimization of Power System Inertia",

abstract = "The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar, wind, and energy storage systems, into power grids through inverter-based resources reduces power system inertia, leading to faster frequency dynamics and potential grid instability. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a distributed, consensus-based approach for the real-time control and optimization of inertia sources (synchronous generators and/or DERs) during system disturbances, enhancing both system stability and economic performance. The distributed control and optimization approach assumes each inertia source exchanges information solely with its neighbor ones, making it easily scalable to large power grid networks. The impacts of the communication connectivity among the inertia sources as well as their generation capacity limits on the distributed approach are investigated. We also demonstrate the approach{\textquoteright}s robustness in scenarios involving communication time delays and packet losses, validating its effectiveness through numerical simulations on a 4-bus test system and a two-area 8-bus test system.",

keywords = "Power system inertia, communication constraints, consensus-based control, distributed control, distributed optimization, frequency stability, low-inertia power systems, real-time control, smart grids, swing equation, transient stability",

author = "\{Pratap Yadav\}, Ajay and Olama, \{Mohammed M.\} and \{Riza Ekti\}, Ali and Stenvig, \{Nils M.\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2013 IEEE.",

year = "2025",

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T1 - Consensus-Based Control and Optimization of Power System Inertia

AU - Pratap Yadav, Ajay

AU - Olama, Mohammed M.

AU - Riza Ekti, Ali

AU - Stenvig, Nils M.

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar, wind, and energy storage systems, into power grids through inverter-based resources reduces power system inertia, leading to faster frequency dynamics and potential grid instability. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a distributed, consensus-based approach for the real-time control and optimization of inertia sources (synchronous generators and/or DERs) during system disturbances, enhancing both system stability and economic performance. The distributed control and optimization approach assumes each inertia source exchanges information solely with its neighbor ones, making it easily scalable to large power grid networks. The impacts of the communication connectivity among the inertia sources as well as their generation capacity limits on the distributed approach are investigated. We also demonstrate the approach’s robustness in scenarios involving communication time delays and packet losses, validating its effectiveness through numerical simulations on a 4-bus test system and a two-area 8-bus test system.

AB - The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar, wind, and energy storage systems, into power grids through inverter-based resources reduces power system inertia, leading to faster frequency dynamics and potential grid instability. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a distributed, consensus-based approach for the real-time control and optimization of inertia sources (synchronous generators and/or DERs) during system disturbances, enhancing both system stability and economic performance. The distributed control and optimization approach assumes each inertia source exchanges information solely with its neighbor ones, making it easily scalable to large power grid networks. The impacts of the communication connectivity among the inertia sources as well as their generation capacity limits on the distributed approach are investigated. We also demonstrate the approach’s robustness in scenarios involving communication time delays and packet losses, validating its effectiveness through numerical simulations on a 4-bus test system and a two-area 8-bus test system.

KW - Power system inertia

KW - communication constraints

KW - consensus-based control

KW - distributed control

KW - distributed optimization

KW - frequency stability

KW - low-inertia power systems

KW - real-time control

KW - smart grids

KW - swing equation

KW - transient stability

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105025435563

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DO - 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3644796

M3 - Article

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VL - 13

SP - 212150

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JO - IEEE Access

JF - IEEE Access

ER -

Consensus-Based Control and Optimization of Power System Inertia

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