Choosing the metal oxide for an electro-chemo-mechanical actuator working body

Evgeniy Makagon; Junying Li; Yuanyuan Li; Ellen Wachtel; Anatoly I. Frenkel; Igor Lubomirsky

doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2022.115913

Choosing the metal oxide for an electro-chemo-mechanical actuator working body

Evgeniy Makagon, Junying Li, Yuanyuan Li, Ellen Wachtel, Anatoly I. Frenkel, Igor Lubomirsky

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

The term “electro-chemo-mechanical (ECM) effect” describes mechanical deformation driven by an electrochemical reaction. Recently, an all-solid-state ECM device operating at room temperature was demonstrated. The device comprised a 20 mol% Gd-doped ceria (20GDC) self-supported electrolyte membrane placed between two mixed ionic/electronic conducting (MIEC) working bodies (WBs) constructed with TiO_x/20GDC nanocomposites. Actuation derived from volume change occurring upon oxidation/reduction of the WB. This raised the question of whether or not metal oxides other than TiO_x could be valuable components in MIEC nanocomposites functioning as WBs in ECM actuation. Here we examine the microstructure, crystal phase, oxidation state, chemical composition and ECM functionality of V-, Nb-, Mo-, Cu- and Ag-oxide/20GDC composite WBs prepared by co-sputtering. Of these, only the V-based composite was shown to be suitable for ECM actuation. According to X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the composition of the nanocomposite corresponds to VO_x/20GDC. Electrical characterization suggests that the formation of several coexisting VO_x nano-oxide phases is responsible for the longer response times as compared to TiO_x/20GDC WBs. ECM actuation demonstrated in the V-based system does indicate that composite WB based ECM is not unique to Ti and that this type of actuation constitutes a significant contribution to development of microelectromechanical systems.

Original language	English
Article number	115913
Journal	Solid State Ionics
Volume	379
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2022.115913
State	Published - Jun 2022
Externally published	Yes

Funding

AIF, JL and YL acknowledge support by NSF Grant number DMR-1911592 . IL acknowledges the NSF-BSF program grant 2018717 . This research received funding from the Minerva Center for Self-Repairing Systems for Energy & Sustainability and it is made possible in part by the historic generosity of the Harold Perlman Family. This research used beamlines 8-ID (ISS) and 7-BM (QAS) of the National Synchrotron Light Source II, a U.S. DOE Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Brookhaven National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. This research used beamline 20-BM-B of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. AIF acknowledges support by a Weston Visiting Professorship during his stay at the Weizmann Institute of Science. IL and EM acknowledge Mr. Ilya Makagon for the graphical design of Fig. 1 .

Funders	Funder number
Minerva Center for Self-Repairing Systems for Energy & Sustainability
NSF-BSF	2018717
National Science Foundation	DMR-1911592
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Science
Argonne National Laboratory	DE-AC02-06CH11357
Brookhaven National Laboratory	DE-SC0012704

Keywords

Electro-chemo-mechanical actuation
Electromechanical response
MEMS
Mixed ionic electronic conductivity

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10.1016/j.ssi.2022.115913

Cite this

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title = "Choosing the metal oxide for an electro-chemo-mechanical actuator working body",

abstract = "The term “electro-chemo-mechanical (ECM) effect” describes mechanical deformation driven by an electrochemical reaction. Recently, an all-solid-state ECM device operating at room temperature was demonstrated. The device comprised a 20 mol% Gd-doped ceria (20GDC) self-supported electrolyte membrane placed between two mixed ionic/electronic conducting (MIEC) working bodies (WBs) constructed with TiOx/20GDC nanocomposites. Actuation derived from volume change occurring upon oxidation/reduction of the WB. This raised the question of whether or not metal oxides other than TiOx could be valuable components in MIEC nanocomposites functioning as WBs in ECM actuation. Here we examine the microstructure, crystal phase, oxidation state, chemical composition and ECM functionality of V-, Nb-, Mo-, Cu- and Ag-oxide/20GDC composite WBs prepared by co-sputtering. Of these, only the V-based composite was shown to be suitable for ECM actuation. According to X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the composition of the nanocomposite corresponds to VOx/20GDC. Electrical characterization suggests that the formation of several coexisting VOx nano-oxide phases is responsible for the longer response times as compared to TiOx/20GDC WBs. ECM actuation demonstrated in the V-based system does indicate that composite WB based ECM is not unique to Ti and that this type of actuation constitutes a significant contribution to development of microelectromechanical systems.",

keywords = "Electro-chemo-mechanical actuation, Electromechanical response, MEMS, Mixed ionic electronic conductivity",

author = "Evgeniy Makagon and Junying Li and Yuanyuan Li and Ellen Wachtel and Frenkel, {Anatoly I.} and Igor Lubomirsky",

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AB - The term “electro-chemo-mechanical (ECM) effect” describes mechanical deformation driven by an electrochemical reaction. Recently, an all-solid-state ECM device operating at room temperature was demonstrated. The device comprised a 20 mol% Gd-doped ceria (20GDC) self-supported electrolyte membrane placed between two mixed ionic/electronic conducting (MIEC) working bodies (WBs) constructed with TiOx/20GDC nanocomposites. Actuation derived from volume change occurring upon oxidation/reduction of the WB. This raised the question of whether or not metal oxides other than TiOx could be valuable components in MIEC nanocomposites functioning as WBs in ECM actuation. Here we examine the microstructure, crystal phase, oxidation state, chemical composition and ECM functionality of V-, Nb-, Mo-, Cu- and Ag-oxide/20GDC composite WBs prepared by co-sputtering. Of these, only the V-based composite was shown to be suitable for ECM actuation. According to X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the composition of the nanocomposite corresponds to VOx/20GDC. Electrical characterization suggests that the formation of several coexisting VOx nano-oxide phases is responsible for the longer response times as compared to TiOx/20GDC WBs. ECM actuation demonstrated in the V-based system does indicate that composite WB based ECM is not unique to Ti and that this type of actuation constitutes a significant contribution to development of microelectromechanical systems.

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Choosing the metal oxide for an electro-chemo-mechanical actuator working body

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