Characterization, source apportionment and associated health risk assessment of respirable air particulates in Metro Manila, Philippines

Preciosa Corazon B. Pabroa; Joseph Michael D. Racho; Arvin M. Jagonoy; Jeff Darren G. Valdez; Angel T. Bautista VII; Jhon Robin Yee; Rene Pineda; Juliet Manlapaz; Armand J. Atanacio; Iara Chantrelle V. Coronel; Christian Mark G. Salvador; David D. Cohen

doi:10.1016/j.apr.2022.101379

Characterization, source apportionment and associated health risk assessment of respirable air particulates in Metro Manila, Philippines

Preciosa Corazon B. Pabroa, Joseph Michael D. Racho, Arvin M. Jagonoy, Jeff Darren G. Valdez, Angel T. Bautista VII, Jhon Robin Yee, Rene Pineda, Juliet Manlapaz, Armand J. Atanacio, Iara Chantrelle V. Coronel, Christian Mark G. Salvador, David D. Cohen

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

11 Scopus citations

Abstract

Coarse (PM₁₀) and fine (PM_2.5) aerosols were sampled from June to November 2016 at three different sites in Metro Manila Philippines (Valenzuela, NAMRIA, and MMDA). PM_2.5 average levels in all sites exceeded the World Health Organization annual and daily limits, indicating that the ambient air qualities in all sites were unhealthy. Black Carbon (BC), a fingerprint of incomplete combustion, constituted 31–46% of PM_2.5. Multi-element analysis of PM indicated that the sulfur, lead, and zinc had substantial contributions to PM_2.5, with the highest level found in Valenzuela. Receptor modeling highlighted six important sources: vehicular emissions, biomass burning, industrials, secondary sulfur, sea spray, and fine soil. Among the sources, vehicular emission was the most dominant source, comprising 20–35% of the apportioned sources. An industrial source, predominantly with Zn and Pb, was seen in Valenzuela, contributing about 5.4% of its PM_2.5. The health risks of fine aerosol, BC, and major elements were evaluated also in this study. Elements studied showed negligible potential (HQ < 1) to cause non-carcinogenic health effects and very low (<1 × 10⁻⁶) carcinogenic health effects to children and adults. The observed trend for carcinogenic risks of PM_2.5 in children was Valenzuela > MMDA > NAMRIA while a medium carcinogenic risk was observed for adults at all sites (CR > 1 × 10⁻⁵). The trend for PM_2.5 average HQ values in both age groups was Valenzuela > MMDA > NAMRIA. Our results showcased varying levels and sources of PM and its components that can impact the health upon exposure and should be addressed in future policies to safeguard public health.

Original language	English
Article number	101379
Journal	Atmospheric Pollution Research
Volume	13
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101379
State	Published - Apr 2022
Externally published	Yes

Funding

This study was funded by EU SWITCH Policy Support Component Philippines (Policy Support Component EuropeAir/131980/C/SER/PH) implemented by GFA Consulting Group through the Partnership for Clean Air, Inc. The authors wish to thank EU SWITCH through the GFA Consulting Group GmbH for the financial support, the Australian Government for the support in the provision of access to the PIXE capabilities at the Australian Nuclear Science Technology Organisation's Centre for Accelerator Science which is also partly funded through Australia's National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy, Environmental Management Bureau (Central and National Capital Region), Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), National Mapping and Resource Information Authority and Partnership for Clean Air, Inc. for their support in this study.

Keywords

Air pollution
Black carbon
Health risk assessment
Metro Manila
PM
Source apportionment

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.apr.2022.101379

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Pabroa, P. C. B., Racho, J. M. D., Jagonoy, A. M., Valdez, J. D. G., Bautista VII, A. T., Yee, J. R., Pineda, R., Manlapaz, J., Atanacio, A. J., Coronel, I. C. V., Salvador, C. M. G., & Cohen, D. D. (2022). Characterization, source apportionment and associated health risk assessment of respirable air particulates in Metro Manila, Philippines. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13(4), Article 101379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101379

@article{c52fdda642cd407a89c0f90e40b61791,

title = "Characterization, source apportionment and associated health risk assessment of respirable air particulates in Metro Manila, Philippines",

abstract = "Coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) aerosols were sampled from June to November 2016 at three different sites in Metro Manila Philippines (Valenzuela, NAMRIA, and MMDA). PM2.5 average levels in all sites exceeded the World Health Organization annual and daily limits, indicating that the ambient air qualities in all sites were unhealthy. Black Carbon (BC), a fingerprint of incomplete combustion, constituted 31–46% of PM2.5. Multi-element analysis of PM indicated that the sulfur, lead, and zinc had substantial contributions to PM2.5, with the highest level found in Valenzuela. Receptor modeling highlighted six important sources: vehicular emissions, biomass burning, industrials, secondary sulfur, sea spray, and fine soil. Among the sources, vehicular emission was the most dominant source, comprising 20–35% of the apportioned sources. An industrial source, predominantly with Zn and Pb, was seen in Valenzuela, contributing about 5.4% of its PM2.5. The health risks of fine aerosol, BC, and major elements were evaluated also in this study. Elements studied showed negligible potential (HQ < 1) to cause non-carcinogenic health effects and very low (<1 × 10−6) carcinogenic health effects to children and adults. The observed trend for carcinogenic risks of PM2.5 in children was Valenzuela > MMDA > NAMRIA while a medium carcinogenic risk was observed for adults at all sites (CR > 1 × 10−5). The trend for PM2.5 average HQ values in both age groups was Valenzuela > MMDA > NAMRIA. Our results showcased varying levels and sources of PM and its components that can impact the health upon exposure and should be addressed in future policies to safeguard public health.",

keywords = "Air pollution, Black carbon, Health risk assessment, Metro Manila, PM, Source apportionment",

author = "Pabroa, {Preciosa Corazon B.} and Racho, {Joseph Michael D.} and Jagonoy, {Arvin M.} and Valdez, {Jeff Darren G.} and {Bautista VII}, {Angel T.} and Yee, {Jhon Robin} and Rene Pineda and Juliet Manlapaz and Atanacio, {Armand J.} and Coronel, {Iara Chantrelle V.} and Salvador, {Christian Mark G.} and Cohen, {David D.}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control",

year = "2022",

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doi = "10.1016/j.apr.2022.101379",

language = "English",

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journal = "Atmospheric Pollution Research",

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Pabroa, PCB, Racho, JMD, Jagonoy, AM, Valdez, JDG, Bautista VII, AT, Yee, JR, Pineda, R, Manlapaz, J, Atanacio, AJ, Coronel, ICV, Salvador, CMG & Cohen, DD 2022, 'Characterization, source apportionment and associated health risk assessment of respirable air particulates in Metro Manila, Philippines', Atmospheric Pollution Research, vol. 13, no. 4, 101379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101379

TY - JOUR

T1 - Characterization, source apportionment and associated health risk assessment of respirable air particulates in Metro Manila, Philippines

AU - Pabroa, Preciosa Corazon B.

AU - Racho, Joseph Michael D.

AU - Jagonoy, Arvin M.

AU - Valdez, Jeff Darren G.

AU - Bautista VII, Angel T.

AU - Yee, Jhon Robin

AU - Pineda, Rene

AU - Manlapaz, Juliet

AU - Atanacio, Armand J.

AU - Coronel, Iara Chantrelle V.

AU - Salvador, Christian Mark G.

AU - Cohen, David D.

PY - 2022/4

Y1 - 2022/4

N2 - Coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) aerosols were sampled from June to November 2016 at three different sites in Metro Manila Philippines (Valenzuela, NAMRIA, and MMDA). PM2.5 average levels in all sites exceeded the World Health Organization annual and daily limits, indicating that the ambient air qualities in all sites were unhealthy. Black Carbon (BC), a fingerprint of incomplete combustion, constituted 31–46% of PM2.5. Multi-element analysis of PM indicated that the sulfur, lead, and zinc had substantial contributions to PM2.5, with the highest level found in Valenzuela. Receptor modeling highlighted six important sources: vehicular emissions, biomass burning, industrials, secondary sulfur, sea spray, and fine soil. Among the sources, vehicular emission was the most dominant source, comprising 20–35% of the apportioned sources. An industrial source, predominantly with Zn and Pb, was seen in Valenzuela, contributing about 5.4% of its PM2.5. The health risks of fine aerosol, BC, and major elements were evaluated also in this study. Elements studied showed negligible potential (HQ < 1) to cause non-carcinogenic health effects and very low (<1 × 10−6) carcinogenic health effects to children and adults. The observed trend for carcinogenic risks of PM2.5 in children was Valenzuela > MMDA > NAMRIA while a medium carcinogenic risk was observed for adults at all sites (CR > 1 × 10−5). The trend for PM2.5 average HQ values in both age groups was Valenzuela > MMDA > NAMRIA. Our results showcased varying levels and sources of PM and its components that can impact the health upon exposure and should be addressed in future policies to safeguard public health.

AB - Coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) aerosols were sampled from June to November 2016 at three different sites in Metro Manila Philippines (Valenzuela, NAMRIA, and MMDA). PM2.5 average levels in all sites exceeded the World Health Organization annual and daily limits, indicating that the ambient air qualities in all sites were unhealthy. Black Carbon (BC), a fingerprint of incomplete combustion, constituted 31–46% of PM2.5. Multi-element analysis of PM indicated that the sulfur, lead, and zinc had substantial contributions to PM2.5, with the highest level found in Valenzuela. Receptor modeling highlighted six important sources: vehicular emissions, biomass burning, industrials, secondary sulfur, sea spray, and fine soil. Among the sources, vehicular emission was the most dominant source, comprising 20–35% of the apportioned sources. An industrial source, predominantly with Zn and Pb, was seen in Valenzuela, contributing about 5.4% of its PM2.5. The health risks of fine aerosol, BC, and major elements were evaluated also in this study. Elements studied showed negligible potential (HQ < 1) to cause non-carcinogenic health effects and very low (<1 × 10−6) carcinogenic health effects to children and adults. The observed trend for carcinogenic risks of PM2.5 in children was Valenzuela > MMDA > NAMRIA while a medium carcinogenic risk was observed for adults at all sites (CR > 1 × 10−5). The trend for PM2.5 average HQ values in both age groups was Valenzuela > MMDA > NAMRIA. Our results showcased varying levels and sources of PM and its components that can impact the health upon exposure and should be addressed in future policies to safeguard public health.

KW - Air pollution

KW - Black carbon

KW - Health risk assessment

KW - Metro Manila

KW - PM

KW - Source apportionment

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DO - 10.1016/j.apr.2022.101379

M3 - Article

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JO - Atmospheric Pollution Research

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ER -

Characterization, source apportionment and associated health risk assessment of respirable air particulates in Metro Manila, Philippines

Abstract

Funding

Keywords

UN SDGs

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