An overview of cobalt-free, nickel-containing cathodes for Li-ion batteries

Devendrasinh Darbar; Thomas Malkowski; Ethan C. Self; Indranil Bhattacharya; Mogalahalli Venkatesh Venkatashamy Reddy; Jagjit Nanda

doi:10.1016/j.mtener.2022.101173

An overview of cobalt-free, nickel-containing cathodes for Li-ion batteries

Devendrasinh Darbar, Thomas Malkowski, Ethan C. Self, Indranil Bhattacharya, Mogalahalli Venkatesh Venkatashamy Reddy, Jagjit Nanda

Energy Storage & Conversion

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

20 Scopus citations

Abstract

The need for high-energy, low-cost batteries is projected to grow dramatically in the next decade due to electrification of the transportation market. Such demands are straining Li-ion supply chains for critical materials including lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Price instability, environment toxicity, and limits in the absolute supply lead to great concern for the continued use of cobalt. Similar to cobalt, the required grade of nickel for batteries, known as Class 1 nickel, has also been declining due to geological scarcity and low incentive prices. This review summarizes alternative cathode chemistries with no cobalt and reduced nickel content for high-energy Li-ion batteries targeting sustainable growth in the electric vehicle market. Further, the primary challenges associated with each material system are generally classified as being related to four common categories: (1) ion instability during charging, (2) poor electronic conductivity, (3) poor ionic conductivity, and (4) poor thermal stability.

Original language	English
Article number	101173
Journal	Materials Today Energy
Volume	30
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2022.101173
State	Published - Dec 2022

Funding

This article has been authored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory , managed by UT- Battelle , LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). This work was sponsored by the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO), (Program manager: Peter Faguy, and Office Interim Director: David Howell). This article has been authored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). This work was sponsored by the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO), (Program manager: Peter Faguy, and Office Interim Director: David Howell).

Keywords

Cobalt free cathode
Ionic/electronic conductivity
Low nickel
Low-cost
Thermal stability

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.mtener.2022.101173

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title = "An overview of cobalt-free, nickel-containing cathodes for Li-ion batteries",

abstract = "The need for high-energy, low-cost batteries is projected to grow dramatically in the next decade due to electrification of the transportation market. Such demands are straining Li-ion supply chains for critical materials including lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Price instability, environment toxicity, and limits in the absolute supply lead to great concern for the continued use of cobalt. Similar to cobalt, the required grade of nickel for batteries, known as Class 1 nickel, has also been declining due to geological scarcity and low incentive prices. This review summarizes alternative cathode chemistries with no cobalt and reduced nickel content for high-energy Li-ion batteries targeting sustainable growth in the electric vehicle market. Further, the primary challenges associated with each material system are generally classified as being related to four common categories: (1) ion instability during charging, (2) poor electronic conductivity, (3) poor ionic conductivity, and (4) poor thermal stability.",

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AU - Darbar, Devendrasinh

AU - Malkowski, Thomas

AU - Self, Ethan C.

AU - Bhattacharya, Indranil

AU - Reddy, Mogalahalli Venkatesh Venkatashamy

AU - Nanda, Jagjit

PY - 2022/12

Y1 - 2022/12

N2 - The need for high-energy, low-cost batteries is projected to grow dramatically in the next decade due to electrification of the transportation market. Such demands are straining Li-ion supply chains for critical materials including lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Price instability, environment toxicity, and limits in the absolute supply lead to great concern for the continued use of cobalt. Similar to cobalt, the required grade of nickel for batteries, known as Class 1 nickel, has also been declining due to geological scarcity and low incentive prices. This review summarizes alternative cathode chemistries with no cobalt and reduced nickel content for high-energy Li-ion batteries targeting sustainable growth in the electric vehicle market. Further, the primary challenges associated with each material system are generally classified as being related to four common categories: (1) ion instability during charging, (2) poor electronic conductivity, (3) poor ionic conductivity, and (4) poor thermal stability.

AB - The need for high-energy, low-cost batteries is projected to grow dramatically in the next decade due to electrification of the transportation market. Such demands are straining Li-ion supply chains for critical materials including lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Price instability, environment toxicity, and limits in the absolute supply lead to great concern for the continued use of cobalt. Similar to cobalt, the required grade of nickel for batteries, known as Class 1 nickel, has also been declining due to geological scarcity and low incentive prices. This review summarizes alternative cathode chemistries with no cobalt and reduced nickel content for high-energy Li-ion batteries targeting sustainable growth in the electric vehicle market. Further, the primary challenges associated with each material system are generally classified as being related to four common categories: (1) ion instability during charging, (2) poor electronic conductivity, (3) poor ionic conductivity, and (4) poor thermal stability.

KW - Cobalt free cathode

KW - Ionic/electronic conductivity

KW - Low nickel

KW - Low-cost

KW - Thermal stability

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DO - 10.1016/j.mtener.2022.101173

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An overview of cobalt-free, nickel-containing cathodes for Li-ion batteries

Abstract

Funding

Keywords

UN SDGs

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