Abstract
The use of heavy actinide targets, including 243Am, 240,242,244Pu, 245,248Cm, 249Bk, and 249Cf, irradiated by intense heavy ion beams of 48Ca has resulted in a significant expansion of the periodic table since 2000, including the discovery of five new heaviest elements and more than 50 new isotopes. These actinide materials can only be produced by intense neutron irradiation in very high flux reactors followed by chemical processing and purification in specialized hot cell facilities available in only a few locations worldwide. This paper reviews the reactor production of heavy actinides, the recovery and chemical separation of actinide materials, and the preparation of actinide targets for superheavy element experiments. The focus is on 248Cm, 249Bk, mixed 249−251Cf, and 254Es, including current availabilities and new production processes. The impacts of new facilities, including the Superheavy Element Factory at Dubna, accelerator and separator upgrades at RIKEN, and proposed upgrades to the High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge are also described. Examples of recent superheavy element research are discussed as well as future opportunities for superheavy research using actinide targets.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 304 |
| Journal | European Physical Journal A |
| Volume | 59 |
| Issue number | 12 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Dec 2023 |
Funding
This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Isotope R&D and Production and the DOE Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05- 00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. We are grateful to the staffs of the ORNL Radiochemical Engineering Development Center and High Flux Isotope Reactor, a DOE Office of Science User Facility, for their support in the production and chemical separation of the actinide materials. We also thank our many collaborators at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (JINR, Dubna, Russia), GSI (Darmstadt, Germany), University of Mainz (Mainz, Germany), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee–Knoxville, without whom this research would not have been possible. This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Isotope R&D and Production and the DOE Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05- 00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. We are grateful to the staffs of the ORNL Radiochemical Engineering Development Center and High Flux Isotope Reactor, a DOE Office of Science User Facility, for their support in the production and chemical separation of the actinide materials. We also thank our many collaborators at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (JINR, Dubna, Russia), GSI (Darmstadt, Germany), University of Mainz (Mainz, Germany), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Vanderbilt University, and the University of Tennessee–Knoxville, without whom this research would not have been possible.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| University of Mainz | |
| U.S. Department of Energy | |
| Office of Science | |
| Nuclear Physics | DE-AC05- 00OR22725 |
| Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | |
| Oak Ridge National Laboratory | |
| Vanderbilt University | |
| University of Tennessee | |
| Office of Isotope R and D and Production | |
| Joint Institute for Nuclear Research | |
| GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung |